NUR631 / NUR 631 Midterm Exam | Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Exam | Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A – GCU | Latest 2025 / 2026 Update

NUR631 / NUR 631 Midterm Exam |
Advanced Physiology and
Pathophysiology Exam | Questions and
Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A
– GCU | Latest Update

An increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion will result in which
of the following changes?
A) Increased serum sodium concentrations
B) Decreased serum sodium concentrations
C) Increased serum potassium concentrations
D) Decreased serum potassium concentrations
- Correct Answer - B) Decreased serum sodium concentrations


Which of the following hormones stimulates sodium excretion by the
kidneys?
A) Cortisol
B) Aldosterone
C) Natriuretic hormones
D) Antidiuretic hormone
- Correct Answer - C) Natriuretic hormones


Increased aldosterone, as in the case of hyperaldosteronism, results in:
A) decreased serum osmolarity.
B) renal retention of sodium and water.
C) increased sodium excretion coupled with retention of potassium.

,D) increased water reabsorption without affecting sodium balance.
- Correct Answer - B) renal retention of sodium and water.


Which of the following molecules inversely varies its concentration with
chloride (Cl-) in the plasma?
A) Phosphate
B) Sodium
C) Potassium
D) Bicarbonate - Correct Answer - D) Bicarbonate


Symptoms of dehydration include:
A) decreased urine output.
B) increased skin turgor.
C) increased blood pressure.
D) edema. - Correct Answer - A) decreased urine output.


Which of the following conditions can result in a pure water deficit
(hypertonic dehydration)?
A) Hyperventilation caused by fever
B) Inability to concentrate the urine
C) Coma
D) All of the above - Correct Answer - D) All of the above


Hypernatremia can result from:
A) decreased aldosterone secretion.
B) decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion.
C) compulsive water drinking.

,D) excessive dietary potassium. - Correct Answer - B) decreased
antidiuretic hormone secretion.


Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system include:
A) confusion.
B) irritability.
C) insomnia.
D) depression. - Correct Answer - A) confusion.


Which of the following groups of symptoms are caused by
hyponatremia?
A) Weak pulses, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate
B) Thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhoea
C) Nausea, muscle cramps, and confusion
D) Cardiac arrhythmias, paresthesias, and acid-base imbalances
- Correct Answer - C) Nausea, muscle cramps, and confusion


Signs and symptoms of hypervolemia (fluid overload) include all of the
following except:
A) elevated blood pressure.
B) weight gain.
C) edema.
D) increased hematocrit.
- Correct Answer - D) increased hematocrit.


Which of the following electrolyte imbalances often occurs as a result of
acute acidosis?

, A) Hypernatremia
B) Hyponatremia
C) Hyperkalemia
D) Hypokalemia - Correct Answer - C) Hyperkalemia


Which of the following electrolyte disturbances occurs with renal failure?
A) Hypernatremia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypokalemia
D) Hypophosphatemia - Correct Answer - B) Hyperkalemia


Which of the following conditions are known causes of hypokalemia?
A) Diuresis
B) Diarrhea
C) Insulin administration
D) All of the above - Correct Answer - D) All of the above


Moderate to severe hypokalemia manifests with:
A) muscle spasms and rapid respirations.
B) muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias.
C) confusion and irritability.
D) vomiting and diarrhea. - Correct Answer - B) muscle weakness and
cardiac dysrhythmias.


Which of the following electrolyte disturbances is manifested by muscle
spasms?
A) Hypercalcemia