BIO 182 EXAM 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hmib22
1. True or False
The greatest density of species occurs at the North Pole.: False
2. What is the tragedy of the commons?: the tendency for a common resource to be overused
3. True or false: cheating ( free riding) confers the smallest benefit when most of
the group cooperate to invest?: False. when more ppl invest, there is a higher benefit for the freeloaders
4. true or false: punishment creates a cost that balances the benefit of selfish-
ness: True
5. how can we promote a cooperation on a larger scale: rebates( benefits) for participants
punishment for non-participants
6. what are 3 strategies for when species numbers are getting low: Captive breeding
DNA banks
protection
7. Extinction due to 3 human activities: hunting, habitat destruction, global warming
8. True or False: if productivity enhances diversity, one should see more species
in deep tropical waters than along shallow coastlines: false we see more productivity in
deep tropical waters, BUT we predict that shallow coastlines should rather have it
9. true or false: Primary productivity is likely necessary, but insufficient condi-
tion for biodiversity: true
10. true or false: greater productivity could support more individuals of a species
without supporting more species: true. just b/c you have a huge amount of primary productivity does
not mean it would give more amount of species. it could simply have more individuals from the same species
11. More productivity = more organisms, but it is not equal to________: more species
12. why is the more speciation at the equator: temperatures are stable= more specialized
organisms
no change in temperatures in high or low altitude
13. increased cost to dispersal over a climate gradient=> low gene flow=> high
alopatric speciation=> ___________: very sensitive to climate changes
14. you have to be a _______ to survive changes: generalist ( BUT species in tropics are specialists)
15. Low Latitiudes= _________thermal niches
High Latitudes= __________thermal niches: narrow
broad
, BIO 182 EXAM 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hmib22
16. true or false: a more specialized species should occur over a narrow range
of altitude or latitude: true for both altitude and latitude
17. primary consumers: first organisms in the chain to eat the other organisms
eat the photosynthetic organisms = herbivores
18. Tropical species have the _______ latitudional ranges
Species at high latitudes have the _______ latitudional ranges: lowest
highest
19. greenhouse effect: warming/heat that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere
20. what is anthropogenic: caused by humans
21. the rate of global warming appears to be accelerated in the _____ ( conse-
quences): arctic ( ice melting, island and species disappearance, overabundance of salt water, shortage of fresh
water )
22. what type of niches are used to predict responses to climate change ( climate
envelope model): realized ( fundamental would be better)
23. true / false:
in the experiment with water fleas, the phenotypic difference between the two
sets of population could have resulted from plasticity instead of evolution: false,
b/c it was several generation further and not within one generation.
24. what 7 factors determine whether a species can adapt to an environmental
change: 1) high recombination ( sexual reproduction)
2) niche width ( intermediate)
3) rate of warming ( low)
4) population size ( large)
5) net immigration ( high)
6) generation time (low)
7) mutation rate ( high)
25. Adaptation to climate change will depend on factors that influence what 4
factors: mutation
selection
migration
drift
26. mechanistic model: uses a more specific data
, BIO 182 EXAM 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hmib22
27. True or False: To test he hypothesis that greenhouse gasses cause global
warming on Earth by studying multiple planets: True, but we would never be able to replicate
it. must use simulation ( such as at NASA)
28. 6 most common elements associated with organic molecules: Carbon
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
29. what did likely play a role in generating the great biodiversity of the tropics-
: specialization of thermal niches
30. what is the energy that passed from one trophic level to the next: 5-15%
31. the simplicity of a food chain helps biologists to________: to predict coarse changes in
communities with simple mathematics
32. the complexity of a food-web model: more accurately presents the relationships among
species=> should make better predictions
Drawback: must use computers to simulate communities change over time
33. What are autotrophs?: primary producers
34. What are heterotrophs?: consumers ( herbivores and carnivores)
35. what is a direct effect: a change in abundance caused by an interaction with another species
36. what is an indirect effect: a change in abundance caused by an interaction between TWO OTHER
species
37. can keystone increase or decrease the community?: both
38. endemic: native or confined to a particular region or people
39. case study: t/f? a cane toad is a keystone species in this Australian commu-
nity?: True. 35% of the diversity of the community were affected = significant impact
40. A limit how much life you can have in a community is based on ________: primary
productivity
41. what is primary productivity: amount of energy produced through the autotrophs
42. what determines the primary productivity of a community: sun, water, nitrogen. More
of these= more autotrophs can thrive =more productive= more biodiverse community
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hmib22
1. True or False
The greatest density of species occurs at the North Pole.: False
2. What is the tragedy of the commons?: the tendency for a common resource to be overused
3. True or false: cheating ( free riding) confers the smallest benefit when most of
the group cooperate to invest?: False. when more ppl invest, there is a higher benefit for the freeloaders
4. true or false: punishment creates a cost that balances the benefit of selfish-
ness: True
5. how can we promote a cooperation on a larger scale: rebates( benefits) for participants
punishment for non-participants
6. what are 3 strategies for when species numbers are getting low: Captive breeding
DNA banks
protection
7. Extinction due to 3 human activities: hunting, habitat destruction, global warming
8. True or False: if productivity enhances diversity, one should see more species
in deep tropical waters than along shallow coastlines: false we see more productivity in
deep tropical waters, BUT we predict that shallow coastlines should rather have it
9. true or false: Primary productivity is likely necessary, but insufficient condi-
tion for biodiversity: true
10. true or false: greater productivity could support more individuals of a species
without supporting more species: true. just b/c you have a huge amount of primary productivity does
not mean it would give more amount of species. it could simply have more individuals from the same species
11. More productivity = more organisms, but it is not equal to________: more species
12. why is the more speciation at the equator: temperatures are stable= more specialized
organisms
no change in temperatures in high or low altitude
13. increased cost to dispersal over a climate gradient=> low gene flow=> high
alopatric speciation=> ___________: very sensitive to climate changes
14. you have to be a _______ to survive changes: generalist ( BUT species in tropics are specialists)
15. Low Latitiudes= _________thermal niches
High Latitudes= __________thermal niches: narrow
broad
, BIO 182 EXAM 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hmib22
16. true or false: a more specialized species should occur over a narrow range
of altitude or latitude: true for both altitude and latitude
17. primary consumers: first organisms in the chain to eat the other organisms
eat the photosynthetic organisms = herbivores
18. Tropical species have the _______ latitudional ranges
Species at high latitudes have the _______ latitudional ranges: lowest
highest
19. greenhouse effect: warming/heat that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere
20. what is anthropogenic: caused by humans
21. the rate of global warming appears to be accelerated in the _____ ( conse-
quences): arctic ( ice melting, island and species disappearance, overabundance of salt water, shortage of fresh
water )
22. what type of niches are used to predict responses to climate change ( climate
envelope model): realized ( fundamental would be better)
23. true / false:
in the experiment with water fleas, the phenotypic difference between the two
sets of population could have resulted from plasticity instead of evolution: false,
b/c it was several generation further and not within one generation.
24. what 7 factors determine whether a species can adapt to an environmental
change: 1) high recombination ( sexual reproduction)
2) niche width ( intermediate)
3) rate of warming ( low)
4) population size ( large)
5) net immigration ( high)
6) generation time (low)
7) mutation rate ( high)
25. Adaptation to climate change will depend on factors that influence what 4
factors: mutation
selection
migration
drift
26. mechanistic model: uses a more specific data
, BIO 182 EXAM 3
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hmib22
27. True or False: To test he hypothesis that greenhouse gasses cause global
warming on Earth by studying multiple planets: True, but we would never be able to replicate
it. must use simulation ( such as at NASA)
28. 6 most common elements associated with organic molecules: Carbon
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
29. what did likely play a role in generating the great biodiversity of the tropics-
: specialization of thermal niches
30. what is the energy that passed from one trophic level to the next: 5-15%
31. the simplicity of a food chain helps biologists to________: to predict coarse changes in
communities with simple mathematics
32. the complexity of a food-web model: more accurately presents the relationships among
species=> should make better predictions
Drawback: must use computers to simulate communities change over time
33. What are autotrophs?: primary producers
34. What are heterotrophs?: consumers ( herbivores and carnivores)
35. what is a direct effect: a change in abundance caused by an interaction with another species
36. what is an indirect effect: a change in abundance caused by an interaction between TWO OTHER
species
37. can keystone increase or decrease the community?: both
38. endemic: native or confined to a particular region or people
39. case study: t/f? a cane toad is a keystone species in this Australian commu-
nity?: True. 35% of the diversity of the community were affected = significant impact
40. A limit how much life you can have in a community is based on ________: primary
productivity
41. what is primary productivity: amount of energy produced through the autotrophs
42. what determines the primary productivity of a community: sun, water, nitrogen. More
of these= more autotrophs can thrive =more productive= more biodiverse community
