NSC EXAM 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i2lghq
1. Movements: are simple reflexes with brief muscle activation (eyeblink, hiccup, finger twitch)
2. Acts (action patterns): -complex, sequential movements
-(honking your car horn, writing your name, playing lead guitar)
3. Motor plan (motor program): set of muscle commands established before the action occurs
4. open-loop control: -maximizes speed
-no guiding external feedback
-ballistic movements
5. ballistic movements: -rapid; completed no matter what sensory feedback is received
-all or none
-cough
6. Closed-loop control: -maximizes accuracy- information from what is being controlled flows back to the
controlling device
-ramp movements
7. Ramp movements (smooth movements): slower, sustained motions guided by feedback; touch-
ing your nose
8. a cough is a: ballistic (open loop) movement
9. antagonists: -muscles that contract when others extent
-biceps and triceps
10. synergists: muscles that act together
11. tremor: alternation of flexor-extensor contraction normally present, but if poorly regulated it is debilitating
12. myosin: thick filament
13. actin: thin filament
14. neuromuscular junction: where motor neuron terminal and muscle fiber meet
15. motor unit: one motoneuron's axon and all its target fibers
16. proprioception: -collection of information about body movements and position
-muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
17. muscle spindles: -responsive to muscle stretch
-afferent nerve impulses inform spinal cord of stretch
18. Golgi tendon organs: - respond to muscle contraction, less to stretch
-stimulation inhibits motoneurons, relaxes extreme tension and prevents damage
-attaches muscle to bone
-fires when force is high
, NSC EXAM 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i2lghq
19. steroids effect on tendons: muscle increases, but tendons remain the same--> use of muscle makes
tears on tendon
20. stretch reflex circut: 1. muscle is stretched
2. excitation of muscle spindle afferents
3. excitation of motoneurons
4.agonist muscle stimulated to oppose stretch (bicep)
5. antagonist muscle is inhibited (tricep)
21. why don't you fall over when you extend your arm?: brain shifts center of graity
22. spasticity: impaired control of the stretch reflex
23. hyperreflexic spinal cord: -due to normal cortex input being cut off
-normal reflexes are exaggerated (clonus)
24. Pyramidal system pathway: - 2 neuron chain
- neuron 1 (upper motor neuron): from PMC --> pyramid in medulla --> crosses over--> down spinal cord--> end
motoneuron
- neuron 2 (lower motor neuron): motoneuron --> muscle; short distance
25. primary motor cortex (PMC; M1)): changes as a result of learning
26. muscle spindle: the muscle receptor that signals a change in muscle length
27. supplementary motor area (SMA): encodes sequences of movements
28. premotor cortex: -neurons fire just before performing an activity
-fires differently depending on context, even if movement is the same
-pick up cup (drink coffee) vs pick up cup (clear table)
29. mirror neurons: -in premotor cortex
-the same neurons fire when observing another doing that task
-"imagine practicing by visualizing yourself in the action"
30. extrapyramidal system: basal ganglia and cerebellum
31. cerebellum cortex: -contains Purkinje cells
-guides movement through inhibition
32. Purkinje cells: send inhibitory messages to the rest of the brain; "hit the breaks"
33. extrapyramidal system ________ postural consequences of planned pyramidal
movement and _____ to prevent loss of balance
example: gastrocnemius is activated before biceps: predicts; acts
34. central pattern generator: neural circuit that generates rhythmic behaviors (walking)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i2lghq
1. Movements: are simple reflexes with brief muscle activation (eyeblink, hiccup, finger twitch)
2. Acts (action patterns): -complex, sequential movements
-(honking your car horn, writing your name, playing lead guitar)
3. Motor plan (motor program): set of muscle commands established before the action occurs
4. open-loop control: -maximizes speed
-no guiding external feedback
-ballistic movements
5. ballistic movements: -rapid; completed no matter what sensory feedback is received
-all or none
-cough
6. Closed-loop control: -maximizes accuracy- information from what is being controlled flows back to the
controlling device
-ramp movements
7. Ramp movements (smooth movements): slower, sustained motions guided by feedback; touch-
ing your nose
8. a cough is a: ballistic (open loop) movement
9. antagonists: -muscles that contract when others extent
-biceps and triceps
10. synergists: muscles that act together
11. tremor: alternation of flexor-extensor contraction normally present, but if poorly regulated it is debilitating
12. myosin: thick filament
13. actin: thin filament
14. neuromuscular junction: where motor neuron terminal and muscle fiber meet
15. motor unit: one motoneuron's axon and all its target fibers
16. proprioception: -collection of information about body movements and position
-muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
17. muscle spindles: -responsive to muscle stretch
-afferent nerve impulses inform spinal cord of stretch
18. Golgi tendon organs: - respond to muscle contraction, less to stretch
-stimulation inhibits motoneurons, relaxes extreme tension and prevents damage
-attaches muscle to bone
-fires when force is high
, NSC EXAM 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i2lghq
19. steroids effect on tendons: muscle increases, but tendons remain the same--> use of muscle makes
tears on tendon
20. stretch reflex circut: 1. muscle is stretched
2. excitation of muscle spindle afferents
3. excitation of motoneurons
4.agonist muscle stimulated to oppose stretch (bicep)
5. antagonist muscle is inhibited (tricep)
21. why don't you fall over when you extend your arm?: brain shifts center of graity
22. spasticity: impaired control of the stretch reflex
23. hyperreflexic spinal cord: -due to normal cortex input being cut off
-normal reflexes are exaggerated (clonus)
24. Pyramidal system pathway: - 2 neuron chain
- neuron 1 (upper motor neuron): from PMC --> pyramid in medulla --> crosses over--> down spinal cord--> end
motoneuron
- neuron 2 (lower motor neuron): motoneuron --> muscle; short distance
25. primary motor cortex (PMC; M1)): changes as a result of learning
26. muscle spindle: the muscle receptor that signals a change in muscle length
27. supplementary motor area (SMA): encodes sequences of movements
28. premotor cortex: -neurons fire just before performing an activity
-fires differently depending on context, even if movement is the same
-pick up cup (drink coffee) vs pick up cup (clear table)
29. mirror neurons: -in premotor cortex
-the same neurons fire when observing another doing that task
-"imagine practicing by visualizing yourself in the action"
30. extrapyramidal system: basal ganglia and cerebellum
31. cerebellum cortex: -contains Purkinje cells
-guides movement through inhibition
32. Purkinje cells: send inhibitory messages to the rest of the brain; "hit the breaks"
33. extrapyramidal system ________ postural consequences of planned pyramidal
movement and _____ to prevent loss of balance
example: gastrocnemius is activated before biceps: predicts; acts
34. central pattern generator: neural circuit that generates rhythmic behaviors (walking)
