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NR283- Pathophysiology- Exam 1 Study Guide for Gould's
Questions with 100% Verified Answers 2025 | 2026
Describe the research stages necessary to demonstrate the
safety and effectiveness of a new therapy.
Basically a three-step process before a new therapy can be
approved.
First stage: "basic science"
Second Stage: determination if therapy is safe for humans
(clinical trials with a small number of human subjects)
Third Stage: more clinical trials with double-blind studies
Explain "off-label" use of a drug previously approved and give
an example.
An approved therapy may show additional benefits to treat a
different disease. A recent example for "off-label" use is the use
of hydroxychloroquine, a drug approved for the treatment and
prevention of malaria and now also used by some physicians in
the fight against SARS-CoV-2.
Differentiate between an acute disease and a chronic disease.
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Acute disease: a short-term illness that develops quickly
Chronic disease: a milder condition that develops gradually but
persists for a long time and usually causes more permanent
damage
What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
Epidemic: higher than expected number of cases of an
infectious disease within a given area
Pandemic: higher number of cases in many regions of the globe
Cells adapt to environmental changes by changing their size,
number, and type. For each of the following scenarios, identify
the appropriate adaptive cellular change or changes that occur,
using the following terms:
atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
neoplasia
i. a decrease in the size of a leg after being in a cast for 6 weeks:
ii. breast enlargement at puberty:
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iii. a dramatic increase in muscle mass in an Olympic weight
lifter:
iv. a very aggressively growing cancer mass:
v. a benign tumor growing along the spine:
vi. the changes that occur in the lower extremities of someone
paralyzed below the waist:
i. a decrease in the size of a leg after being in a cast for 6 weeks:
ATROPHY
ii. breast enlargement at puberty: HYPERPLASIA
iii. a dramatic increase in muscle mass in an Olympic weight
lifter: HYPERTROPHY
iv. a very aggressively growing cancer mass: NEOPLASIA
v. a benign tumor growing along the spine: NEOPLASIA
vi. the changes that occur in the lower extremities of someone
paralyzed below the waist: ATROPHY
Cells adapt to environmental changes by changing their size,
number, and type. For each of the following scenarios, identify
the appropriate adaptive cellular change or changes that occur,
using the following terms:
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atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
neoplasia
vii. a pressure area under a poorly fitting denture: viii. the
changes that often occur over years in the respiratory tract of a
smoker:
ix. the changes responsible for an abnormal Pap smear:
x. the response of the skeletal system to excessive growth
hormone:
xi. the thyroid gland's response to hypersecretion of thyroid-
stimulating hormone:
xii. the liver's response to prolonged drug intoxication (e.g.,
chronic alcohol abuse):
vii. a pressure area under a poorly fitting denture: ATROPHY
viii. the changes that often occur over years in the respiratory
tract of a smoker: METAPLASIA
ix. the changes responsible for an abnormal Pap smear:
DYSPLASIA
NR283- Pathophysiology- Exam 1 Study Guide for Gould's
Questions with 100% Verified Answers 2025 | 2026
Describe the research stages necessary to demonstrate the
safety and effectiveness of a new therapy.
Basically a three-step process before a new therapy can be
approved.
First stage: "basic science"
Second Stage: determination if therapy is safe for humans
(clinical trials with a small number of human subjects)
Third Stage: more clinical trials with double-blind studies
Explain "off-label" use of a drug previously approved and give
an example.
An approved therapy may show additional benefits to treat a
different disease. A recent example for "off-label" use is the use
of hydroxychloroquine, a drug approved for the treatment and
prevention of malaria and now also used by some physicians in
the fight against SARS-CoV-2.
Differentiate between an acute disease and a chronic disease.
,2|Page
Acute disease: a short-term illness that develops quickly
Chronic disease: a milder condition that develops gradually but
persists for a long time and usually causes more permanent
damage
What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
Epidemic: higher than expected number of cases of an
infectious disease within a given area
Pandemic: higher number of cases in many regions of the globe
Cells adapt to environmental changes by changing their size,
number, and type. For each of the following scenarios, identify
the appropriate adaptive cellular change or changes that occur,
using the following terms:
atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
neoplasia
i. a decrease in the size of a leg after being in a cast for 6 weeks:
ii. breast enlargement at puberty:
,3|Page
iii. a dramatic increase in muscle mass in an Olympic weight
lifter:
iv. a very aggressively growing cancer mass:
v. a benign tumor growing along the spine:
vi. the changes that occur in the lower extremities of someone
paralyzed below the waist:
i. a decrease in the size of a leg after being in a cast for 6 weeks:
ATROPHY
ii. breast enlargement at puberty: HYPERPLASIA
iii. a dramatic increase in muscle mass in an Olympic weight
lifter: HYPERTROPHY
iv. a very aggressively growing cancer mass: NEOPLASIA
v. a benign tumor growing along the spine: NEOPLASIA
vi. the changes that occur in the lower extremities of someone
paralyzed below the waist: ATROPHY
Cells adapt to environmental changes by changing their size,
number, and type. For each of the following scenarios, identify
the appropriate adaptive cellular change or changes that occur,
using the following terms:
, 4|Page
atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
neoplasia
vii. a pressure area under a poorly fitting denture: viii. the
changes that often occur over years in the respiratory tract of a
smoker:
ix. the changes responsible for an abnormal Pap smear:
x. the response of the skeletal system to excessive growth
hormone:
xi. the thyroid gland's response to hypersecretion of thyroid-
stimulating hormone:
xii. the liver's response to prolonged drug intoxication (e.g.,
chronic alcohol abuse):
vii. a pressure area under a poorly fitting denture: ATROPHY
viii. the changes that often occur over years in the respiratory
tract of a smoker: METAPLASIA
ix. the changes responsible for an abnormal Pap smear:
DYSPLASIA
