BPK 241 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
DETAILED ANSWERS. EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS.
Name the spinal columns and the number of vertebrae that are in each column -
ANS cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacral - 5 (fused)
coccyx
features of vertebrates - ANS - vertebrae body (big circular)
- spinous process (strait out the back of vertebrae)
- lateral/transverse process (2 out of sides of the vertebrae)
- superiors and inferiors articular facets (connect to other vertebrae to form a joint)
types of facets in different vertebras - ANS cervical facets - horizontal to allow lots of flexion-
extension, lateral flection to each side and rotation
thoracic facets - more frontal plane orientation to allow some side to side movement, lots of
rotation, some flexion, and extension
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,lumbar facets - sagittal plane orientation, lots of flexion and extension, little rotation
intervertebral discs - ANS - annulus fibrosis on the outside
- the orientation of the fibers alternate with each layer
- internally there is a nucleus pulposus (gel)
function:
stability
cushioning
superficial spine muscle - ANS erector spinae
- flexion, extension and lateral flexion (in all spinal columns)
- rotation (cervical and thoracic only)
deep spine muscle - ANS transversospinalis
- lateral flexion and extension to the side that is contracting
- Turing head and neck towards the opposite side that's contracting
when both sides contract they help to keep us upright (when standing of sitting)
where the nerve roots exit from the spine - ANS cervical has 8 nerve roots (only 7 cervical
vertebrae so the 8th root is coming out between C7 and T1)
thoracic has 12
lumbar has 5
sacral has 5
spine sprain and strain - ANS General
- Common (twisting, lifting)
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, - Recurrence is common SSx
- Pain & tenderness
- Muscle spasm (delayed onset)
- Restricted ROM (early or delayed onset)
- Increased warmth
- N.B.: if any neurologic SSx are present (Radiating pain,Weakness, numbness, absent DTR (deep
tendon reflex)) assume fracture, dislocation or disc injury - stabilize and transport to hospital
Tx
- Rest - supine - 2 days
- NSAID
- Cold therapy at first
- Heat therapy later
- Physiotherapy or massage Tx
- Comprehensive, supervised rehabilitation program
(Flexibility, Strengthening, Task-specific)
- Correct predisposing factors
- Gradual return to activity
Lumbar disc herniation - ANS - Nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosis
- Most often occurs at the L4L5 and L5S1 levels
- Vulnerable between ages 30 to 50 as elasticity and water content of the nucleus pulposus
decreases with age
- 4 stages (Protrusion, Prolapsed, Extrusion, Sequestered)
Intervertebral disc disease - ANS - associated with disc protrusion or herniation
- decrease in disc high therefor the ligaments don't tighten up and the vertebrae can move
around more which causes the muscles to have to stabalize the spine
SSx
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
DETAILED ANSWERS. EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS.
Name the spinal columns and the number of vertebrae that are in each column -
ANS cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacral - 5 (fused)
coccyx
features of vertebrates - ANS - vertebrae body (big circular)
- spinous process (strait out the back of vertebrae)
- lateral/transverse process (2 out of sides of the vertebrae)
- superiors and inferiors articular facets (connect to other vertebrae to form a joint)
types of facets in different vertebras - ANS cervical facets - horizontal to allow lots of flexion-
extension, lateral flection to each side and rotation
thoracic facets - more frontal plane orientation to allow some side to side movement, lots of
rotation, some flexion, and extension
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,lumbar facets - sagittal plane orientation, lots of flexion and extension, little rotation
intervertebral discs - ANS - annulus fibrosis on the outside
- the orientation of the fibers alternate with each layer
- internally there is a nucleus pulposus (gel)
function:
stability
cushioning
superficial spine muscle - ANS erector spinae
- flexion, extension and lateral flexion (in all spinal columns)
- rotation (cervical and thoracic only)
deep spine muscle - ANS transversospinalis
- lateral flexion and extension to the side that is contracting
- Turing head and neck towards the opposite side that's contracting
when both sides contract they help to keep us upright (when standing of sitting)
where the nerve roots exit from the spine - ANS cervical has 8 nerve roots (only 7 cervical
vertebrae so the 8th root is coming out between C7 and T1)
thoracic has 12
lumbar has 5
sacral has 5
spine sprain and strain - ANS General
- Common (twisting, lifting)
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, - Recurrence is common SSx
- Pain & tenderness
- Muscle spasm (delayed onset)
- Restricted ROM (early or delayed onset)
- Increased warmth
- N.B.: if any neurologic SSx are present (Radiating pain,Weakness, numbness, absent DTR (deep
tendon reflex)) assume fracture, dislocation or disc injury - stabilize and transport to hospital
Tx
- Rest - supine - 2 days
- NSAID
- Cold therapy at first
- Heat therapy later
- Physiotherapy or massage Tx
- Comprehensive, supervised rehabilitation program
(Flexibility, Strengthening, Task-specific)
- Correct predisposing factors
- Gradual return to activity
Lumbar disc herniation - ANS - Nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosis
- Most often occurs at the L4L5 and L5S1 levels
- Vulnerable between ages 30 to 50 as elasticity and water content of the nucleus pulposus
decreases with age
- 4 stages (Protrusion, Prolapsed, Extrusion, Sequestered)
Intervertebral disc disease - ANS - associated with disc protrusion or herniation
- decrease in disc high therefor the ligaments don't tighten up and the vertebrae can move
around more which causes the muscles to have to stabalize the spine
SSx
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
