Pathophysiology Exam 4 Study |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Questions exam with correct |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answers
Digestion begins in the mouth with salivary α-amylase (ptyalin) that initiates the digestion of:
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. proteins.
|||\\\
b. carbohydrates.
|||\\\
c. fats.
|||\\\
d. amino acids.
|||\\\ |||\\\
b
Rationale:
Salivary amylase initiates the digestion of carbohydrates. Protein digestion occurs in the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
stomach and is influenced by pepsin. Fat digestion is aided by bile. Amino acids are not
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
involved in the digestive process. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
When parasympathetic nervous system activity is inhibited what is the expected effect on
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
salivary glands? |||\\\
a. Hyperactive function
|||\\\ |||\\\
b. Hypoactive function
|||\\\ |||\\\
c. Atrophy
|||\\\
d. Enlargement
|||\\\
b
Rationale:
Inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system would result in decreased (hypoactive)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
functions of the salivary glands. The individual would experience dry mouth. Inhibition of the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
parasympathetic nervous system would not result in hyperactivity, atrophy, or enlargement of |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the salivary glands.
|||\\\ |||\\\
Which immunoglobulin is found in normal saliva?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,a. IgG |||\\\
b. IgD |||\\\
c. IgE|||\\\
d. IgA |||\\\
d
Rationale:
Normal saliva contains IgA. Normal saliva does not contain IgG, IgD, or IgE.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Food is moved down the esophagus via what process?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. Peristalsis
|||\\\
b. Retropulsion
|||\\\
c. Haustral segmentation
|||\\\ |||\\\
d. Defecation
|||\\\
a
Rationale:
Swallowed food is moved from the esophagus to the stomach by peristalsis, not retropulsion. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Haustral segmentation occurs in the small intestine. Defecation is the process of eliminating
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
stool from the rectum. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which cells of the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. Chief|||\\\
b. Parietal
|||\\\
c. Zymogenic
|||\\\
d. Surface epithelial
|||\\\ |||\\\
b
Rationale:
The parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid. The chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Zymogenic cells
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
do not secrete acid. Epithelial cells line the GI tract and do not secrete acid.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A young male student becomes very hungry during class. He begins thinking of a cheeseburger
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and fries, his favorite meal. These thoughts will trigger which phase of gastric secretion?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. Cephalic
|||\\\
,b. Gastric |||\\\
c. Enteral
|||\\\
d. Intestinal
|||\\\
a
Rationale:
The cephalic phase is stimulated by the thought, smell, and taste of food. The gastric phase is
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
stimulated by distention of the stomach. The enteral phase is not a phase of gastric secretion.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The intestinal phase is stimulated by histamine and digested protein.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Mucus production to form the mucosal barrier in the stomach is stimulated by the release of:
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. somatostatin.
|||\\\
b. gastrin.|||\\\
c. prostaglandins.
|||\\\
d. histamine.
|||\\\
c
Rationale:
Prostaglandins protect the mucosal barrier by stimulating the secretion of mucus and |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
bicarbonate and by inhibiting secretion of acid. Somatostatin is secreted by the pancreas and is
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
not involved in secretion of mucus. Gastrin is not involved in mucus secretion. Histamine
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
initiates secretion of acid, not mucus. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which sphincter prevents reflux of digested material from the colon into the small intestine?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. Haustral
|||\\\
b. Lower esophageal
|||\\\ |||\\\
c. Pyloric
|||\\\
d. Ileocecal valve
|||\\\ |||\\\
d
Rationale:
, The ileocecal valve prevents reflux of digested material from the colon into the small intestine.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The haustral segments facilitate propulsion; they do not prevent reflux. Lower esophageal
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
prevents reflux from the stomach to the esophagus. The pylorus is the opening between the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
stomach and the duodenum. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Absorption of nutrients from the intestine occurs initially through the: |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. mesentery.
|||\\\
b. villi. |||\\\
c. lamina propria.
|||\\\ |||\\\
d. splenic veins.
|||\\\ |||\\\
b
Rationale:
Villi are small finger-like projections that extend from the small intestinal mucosa and increase
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
its absorptive surface area. The ileum and jejunum are suspended in loose folds from the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
posterior abdominal wall by a peritoneal membrane called the mesentery. The lamina propria
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(a connective tissue layer of the mucous membrane) lies beneath the epithelial cells of the villi
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and contains lymphocytes and plasma cells, which produce immunoglobulins. The splenic vein
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
drains the stomach and is not involved in absorption.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which reflex inhibits gastric motility when the ileum becomes overdistended?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. Ileogastric
|||\\\
b. Gastroduodenal
|||\\\
c. Gastroileal
|||\\\
d. Gastrocolic
|||\\\
a
Rationale:
The ileogastric reflex, not the gastroduodenal, inhibits gastric motility when the ileum becomes
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
distended. The gastroileal reflex, which is activated by an increase in gastric motility and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
secretion, stimulates an increase in ileal motility and relaxation of the ileocecal valve
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(sphincter). The gastrocolic reflex initiates propulsion in the entire colon, usually during or|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
immediately after eating, when chyme enters from the ileum. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The vermiform appendix is attached to the:
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. duodenum.
|||\\\
Questions exam with correct |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
answers
Digestion begins in the mouth with salivary α-amylase (ptyalin) that initiates the digestion of:
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. proteins.
|||\\\
b. carbohydrates.
|||\\\
c. fats.
|||\\\
d. amino acids.
|||\\\ |||\\\
b
Rationale:
Salivary amylase initiates the digestion of carbohydrates. Protein digestion occurs in the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
stomach and is influenced by pepsin. Fat digestion is aided by bile. Amino acids are not
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
involved in the digestive process. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
When parasympathetic nervous system activity is inhibited what is the expected effect on
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
salivary glands? |||\\\
a. Hyperactive function
|||\\\ |||\\\
b. Hypoactive function
|||\\\ |||\\\
c. Atrophy
|||\\\
d. Enlargement
|||\\\
b
Rationale:
Inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system would result in decreased (hypoactive)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
functions of the salivary glands. The individual would experience dry mouth. Inhibition of the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
parasympathetic nervous system would not result in hyperactivity, atrophy, or enlargement of |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the salivary glands.
|||\\\ |||\\\
Which immunoglobulin is found in normal saliva?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,a. IgG |||\\\
b. IgD |||\\\
c. IgE|||\\\
d. IgA |||\\\
d
Rationale:
Normal saliva contains IgA. Normal saliva does not contain IgG, IgD, or IgE.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Food is moved down the esophagus via what process?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. Peristalsis
|||\\\
b. Retropulsion
|||\\\
c. Haustral segmentation
|||\\\ |||\\\
d. Defecation
|||\\\
a
Rationale:
Swallowed food is moved from the esophagus to the stomach by peristalsis, not retropulsion. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Haustral segmentation occurs in the small intestine. Defecation is the process of eliminating
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
stool from the rectum. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which cells of the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. Chief|||\\\
b. Parietal
|||\\\
c. Zymogenic
|||\\\
d. Surface epithelial
|||\\\ |||\\\
b
Rationale:
The parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid. The chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Zymogenic cells
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
do not secrete acid. Epithelial cells line the GI tract and do not secrete acid.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
A young male student becomes very hungry during class. He begins thinking of a cheeseburger
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and fries, his favorite meal. These thoughts will trigger which phase of gastric secretion?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. Cephalic
|||\\\
,b. Gastric |||\\\
c. Enteral
|||\\\
d. Intestinal
|||\\\
a
Rationale:
The cephalic phase is stimulated by the thought, smell, and taste of food. The gastric phase is
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
stimulated by distention of the stomach. The enteral phase is not a phase of gastric secretion.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The intestinal phase is stimulated by histamine and digested protein.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Mucus production to form the mucosal barrier in the stomach is stimulated by the release of:
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. somatostatin.
|||\\\
b. gastrin.|||\\\
c. prostaglandins.
|||\\\
d. histamine.
|||\\\
c
Rationale:
Prostaglandins protect the mucosal barrier by stimulating the secretion of mucus and |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
bicarbonate and by inhibiting secretion of acid. Somatostatin is secreted by the pancreas and is
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
not involved in secretion of mucus. Gastrin is not involved in mucus secretion. Histamine
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
initiates secretion of acid, not mucus. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which sphincter prevents reflux of digested material from the colon into the small intestine?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. Haustral
|||\\\
b. Lower esophageal
|||\\\ |||\\\
c. Pyloric
|||\\\
d. Ileocecal valve
|||\\\ |||\\\
d
Rationale:
, The ileocecal valve prevents reflux of digested material from the colon into the small intestine.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The haustral segments facilitate propulsion; they do not prevent reflux. Lower esophageal
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
prevents reflux from the stomach to the esophagus. The pylorus is the opening between the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
stomach and the duodenum. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Absorption of nutrients from the intestine occurs initially through the: |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. mesentery.
|||\\\
b. villi. |||\\\
c. lamina propria.
|||\\\ |||\\\
d. splenic veins.
|||\\\ |||\\\
b
Rationale:
Villi are small finger-like projections that extend from the small intestinal mucosa and increase
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
its absorptive surface area. The ileum and jejunum are suspended in loose folds from the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
posterior abdominal wall by a peritoneal membrane called the mesentery. The lamina propria
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(a connective tissue layer of the mucous membrane) lies beneath the epithelial cells of the villi
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and contains lymphocytes and plasma cells, which produce immunoglobulins. The splenic vein
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
drains the stomach and is not involved in absorption.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Which reflex inhibits gastric motility when the ileum becomes overdistended?
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. Ileogastric
|||\\\
b. Gastroduodenal
|||\\\
c. Gastroileal
|||\\\
d. Gastrocolic
|||\\\
a
Rationale:
The ileogastric reflex, not the gastroduodenal, inhibits gastric motility when the ileum becomes
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
distended. The gastroileal reflex, which is activated by an increase in gastric motility and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
secretion, stimulates an increase in ileal motility and relaxation of the ileocecal valve
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(sphincter). The gastrocolic reflex initiates propulsion in the entire colon, usually during or|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
immediately after eating, when chyme enters from the ileum. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The vermiform appendix is attached to the:
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a. duodenum.
|||\\\
