NR283 PATHO EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026
Left sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER -1. dysPnea, Shortness of breath
2. Crackles
3. Oliguria
4. Frothy Sputum
5. Displaced Apical Pulse (Hypertrophy)
right sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Jugular Vein Distention
2. Dependent Edema
3. Weight Gain
4. enlarged liver and spleen
5. fatigue
6. peripheral venous pressure
Signs and symptoms of congenital heart defects - CORRECT ANSWER -• Pallor and cyanosis
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea on exertion and tachypnea
• A squatting position, often seen in toddlers and older children
• Clubbed fingers (thick, bulbous fingertips) developed in time
• A marked intolerance for exercise and exposure to cold weather
• Delayed growth and development
which valves are usually affected with valvular defects? - CORRECT ANSWER -aortic and
pulmonary valves
,What is stenosis? - CORRECT ANSWER -narrowing of a valve which restricts the forward flow of
blood
What is valvular incompetence? - CORRECT ANSWER -failure of valve to close completely which
causes the blood to regurgitates or leaks backward
Blood flow through the cardiac valves - CORRECT ANSWER -Tricuspid
Pulmonic
Mitral
Aortic
Hypertension is categorized into two categories: - CORRECT ANSWER -primary-essential
hypertension; idiopathic
secondary- results from renal or disease or a benign tumor in the adrenal medulla. Can pinpoint
cause
What areas are most frequently damaged by uncontrolled hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER -
chronic renal failure, stroke due to hemorrhage, loss of vision, or congestive heart failure.
Treatments of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER -drug therapy-alpha and beta blockers, ACE
inhibitors, mild diuretics. lifestyle changes, quit smoking, exercise, lower salt intake
signs and symptoms of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER --Frequently asymptomatic in early
stages
-Initial signs vague and non-specific
-Fatigue, malaise, sometimes morning occipital headache
, orthostatic hypotension - CORRECT ANSWER -Decrease in blood pressure related to positional
or postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
shock - CORRECT ANSWER -A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient
circulation to enable every body part to perform its function
hypovolemic shock - CORRECT ANSWER -loss of circulating blood volume
cardiogenic shock - CORRECT ANSWER -Inability of heart to maintain cardiac output to
circulation; heart is unable to pump properly
Vasogenic Shock - CORRECT ANSWER -Vasodilation owing to loss of sympathetic and vasomotor
tone. caused by Pain and fear, spinal cord injury, hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
anaphylactic shock - CORRECT ANSWER -Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction.
septic shock - CORRECT ANSWER -Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection.
Compensation mechanisms during shock - CORRECT ANSWER -• heart rate increases
• Renin is secreted to activate angiotensin, a vasoconstrictor, and aldosterone to increase blood
volume.
• Increased secretion of ADH also promotes reabsorption of water from the kidneys to increase
blood volume and acts as a vasoconstrictor.
• Glucocorticoids are secreted that help stabilize the vascular system.
• Acidosis stimulates respirations, increasing oxygen supplies and reducing carbon dioxide
levels.
complications of shock - CORRECT ANSWER -Acute renal failure
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026
Left sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER -1. dysPnea, Shortness of breath
2. Crackles
3. Oliguria
4. Frothy Sputum
5. Displaced Apical Pulse (Hypertrophy)
right sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Jugular Vein Distention
2. Dependent Edema
3. Weight Gain
4. enlarged liver and spleen
5. fatigue
6. peripheral venous pressure
Signs and symptoms of congenital heart defects - CORRECT ANSWER -• Pallor and cyanosis
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea on exertion and tachypnea
• A squatting position, often seen in toddlers and older children
• Clubbed fingers (thick, bulbous fingertips) developed in time
• A marked intolerance for exercise and exposure to cold weather
• Delayed growth and development
which valves are usually affected with valvular defects? - CORRECT ANSWER -aortic and
pulmonary valves
,What is stenosis? - CORRECT ANSWER -narrowing of a valve which restricts the forward flow of
blood
What is valvular incompetence? - CORRECT ANSWER -failure of valve to close completely which
causes the blood to regurgitates or leaks backward
Blood flow through the cardiac valves - CORRECT ANSWER -Tricuspid
Pulmonic
Mitral
Aortic
Hypertension is categorized into two categories: - CORRECT ANSWER -primary-essential
hypertension; idiopathic
secondary- results from renal or disease or a benign tumor in the adrenal medulla. Can pinpoint
cause
What areas are most frequently damaged by uncontrolled hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER -
chronic renal failure, stroke due to hemorrhage, loss of vision, or congestive heart failure.
Treatments of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER -drug therapy-alpha and beta blockers, ACE
inhibitors, mild diuretics. lifestyle changes, quit smoking, exercise, lower salt intake
signs and symptoms of hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER --Frequently asymptomatic in early
stages
-Initial signs vague and non-specific
-Fatigue, malaise, sometimes morning occipital headache
, orthostatic hypotension - CORRECT ANSWER -Decrease in blood pressure related to positional
or postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
shock - CORRECT ANSWER -A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient
circulation to enable every body part to perform its function
hypovolemic shock - CORRECT ANSWER -loss of circulating blood volume
cardiogenic shock - CORRECT ANSWER -Inability of heart to maintain cardiac output to
circulation; heart is unable to pump properly
Vasogenic Shock - CORRECT ANSWER -Vasodilation owing to loss of sympathetic and vasomotor
tone. caused by Pain and fear, spinal cord injury, hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
anaphylactic shock - CORRECT ANSWER -Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction.
septic shock - CORRECT ANSWER -Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection.
Compensation mechanisms during shock - CORRECT ANSWER -• heart rate increases
• Renin is secreted to activate angiotensin, a vasoconstrictor, and aldosterone to increase blood
volume.
• Increased secretion of ADH also promotes reabsorption of water from the kidneys to increase
blood volume and acts as a vasoconstrictor.
• Glucocorticoids are secreted that help stabilize the vascular system.
• Acidosis stimulates respirations, increasing oxygen supplies and reducing carbon dioxide
levels.
complications of shock - CORRECT ANSWER -Acute renal failure
