Infectious Diseases and Global Health Security
questions and answers
Prevalence - ✅✅Frequency of a disease in a population.
Point prevalence - ✅✅Disease prevalence at a specific time.
Period prevalence - ✅✅Disease prevalence over a defined time period.
Endemic - ✅✅Disease consistently present in a specific region.
Epidemic - ✅✅Disease outbreak spreading rapidly in a population.
Pandemic - ✅✅Disease outbreak affecting multiple countries globally.
Epidemiology - ✅✅Study of disease distribution and determinants.
Morbidity - ✅✅Illness cases within a specific timeframe.
Mortality - ✅✅Total number of deaths in a population.
Case fatality rate - ✅✅Deaths among diagnosed cases of a disease.
Mixed infection - ✅✅Infection involving multiple pathogens simultaneously.
Secondary infection - ✅✅Infection caused by a second pathogen.
Endogenous infection - ✅✅Infection from the body's own flora.
,Exogenous infection - ✅✅Infection from an external source.
Local infection - ✅✅Pathogen confined to a specific area.
Systemic infection - ✅✅Pathogen spreads throughout the body.
Incubation period - ✅✅Time before symptoms appear after infection.
Prodromal period - ✅✅Initial stage with vague symptoms.
Period of convalescence - ✅✅Recovery phase after illness.
Reservoir - ✅✅Natural habitat of a pathogen.
Asymptomatic carrier - ✅✅Infected individual showing no symptoms.
Vertical transmission - ✅✅Transmission from mother to fetus.
Horizontal transmission - ✅✅Transmission between individuals through various means.
Vector transmission - ✅✅Disease spread via living organisms, e.g., mosquitoes.
Reproduction number - ✅✅Average secondary infections from one infected individual.
Pathogenicity - ✅✅Ability of an organism to cause disease.
Virulence - ✅✅Degree of pathogenicity and damage to host.
, Virulence factors - ✅✅Attributes enabling pathogen establishment and damage.
Infectious dose - ✅✅Minimum microbes needed to establish infection.
Exotoxins - ✅✅Specific proteins secreted by bacteria targeting host cells.
Endotoxins - ✅✅Lipid components causing systemic effects upon cell lysis.
Adhesion - ✅✅Ability of pathogens to attach to host cells.
Biofilms - ✅✅Microbial communities adhering to surfaces, enhancing infection.
Antigenic variation - ✅✅Pathogen's ability to change surface antigens to evade immunity.
Health status - ✅✅Overall condition affecting susceptibility to infections.
Nutritional status - ✅✅Dietary health influencing immune response and infection risk.
Vaccination status - ✅✅History of immunizations affecting disease susceptibility.
Microbiome - ✅✅Community of microorganisms influencing health and disease.
Climate change - ✅✅Long-term alteration of temperature and weather patterns.
Emerging diseases - ✅✅Previously unknown or geographically expanding infections.
Zoonotic diseases - ✅✅Infections transmitted from animals to humans.
questions and answers
Prevalence - ✅✅Frequency of a disease in a population.
Point prevalence - ✅✅Disease prevalence at a specific time.
Period prevalence - ✅✅Disease prevalence over a defined time period.
Endemic - ✅✅Disease consistently present in a specific region.
Epidemic - ✅✅Disease outbreak spreading rapidly in a population.
Pandemic - ✅✅Disease outbreak affecting multiple countries globally.
Epidemiology - ✅✅Study of disease distribution and determinants.
Morbidity - ✅✅Illness cases within a specific timeframe.
Mortality - ✅✅Total number of deaths in a population.
Case fatality rate - ✅✅Deaths among diagnosed cases of a disease.
Mixed infection - ✅✅Infection involving multiple pathogens simultaneously.
Secondary infection - ✅✅Infection caused by a second pathogen.
Endogenous infection - ✅✅Infection from the body's own flora.
,Exogenous infection - ✅✅Infection from an external source.
Local infection - ✅✅Pathogen confined to a specific area.
Systemic infection - ✅✅Pathogen spreads throughout the body.
Incubation period - ✅✅Time before symptoms appear after infection.
Prodromal period - ✅✅Initial stage with vague symptoms.
Period of convalescence - ✅✅Recovery phase after illness.
Reservoir - ✅✅Natural habitat of a pathogen.
Asymptomatic carrier - ✅✅Infected individual showing no symptoms.
Vertical transmission - ✅✅Transmission from mother to fetus.
Horizontal transmission - ✅✅Transmission between individuals through various means.
Vector transmission - ✅✅Disease spread via living organisms, e.g., mosquitoes.
Reproduction number - ✅✅Average secondary infections from one infected individual.
Pathogenicity - ✅✅Ability of an organism to cause disease.
Virulence - ✅✅Degree of pathogenicity and damage to host.
, Virulence factors - ✅✅Attributes enabling pathogen establishment and damage.
Infectious dose - ✅✅Minimum microbes needed to establish infection.
Exotoxins - ✅✅Specific proteins secreted by bacteria targeting host cells.
Endotoxins - ✅✅Lipid components causing systemic effects upon cell lysis.
Adhesion - ✅✅Ability of pathogens to attach to host cells.
Biofilms - ✅✅Microbial communities adhering to surfaces, enhancing infection.
Antigenic variation - ✅✅Pathogen's ability to change surface antigens to evade immunity.
Health status - ✅✅Overall condition affecting susceptibility to infections.
Nutritional status - ✅✅Dietary health influencing immune response and infection risk.
Vaccination status - ✅✅History of immunizations affecting disease susceptibility.
Microbiome - ✅✅Community of microorganisms influencing health and disease.
Climate change - ✅✅Long-term alteration of temperature and weather patterns.
Emerging diseases - ✅✅Previously unknown or geographically expanding infections.
Zoonotic diseases - ✅✅Infections transmitted from animals to humans.
