Inhoudsopgave
THEMA 1: GROEPSVORMING & - ONTWIKKELING........................................................................................... 4
INTRO & GROEPEN.............................................................................................................................4
OEFENING: WIE BEN IK?.................................................................................................................4
GROEPEN?......................................................................................................................................4
BASISFUNCTIES VAN GROEPEN.......................................................................................................4
FUNCTIES VAN GROEPEN: BASALE BEHOEFTES..............................................................................5
FUNCTIES VAN GROEPEN................................................................................................................5
COHESIE – ‘LIJM’ VAN GROEPEN........................................................................................................5
BRONNEN VAN COHESIE.................................................................................................................6
GEVOLGEN VAN COHESIE (+/-).......................................................................................................7
GROEPSDYNAMICA.............................................................................................................................8
GROEPSDYNAMICA: GROEPSPROCESSEN.......................................................................................8
GROEPSDYNAMICA: FOCUS OP GROEPSPROCESSEN......................................................................8
GROEPSDYNAMICA.........................................................................................................................8
FASEMODEL: TUCKMAN & JENSEN.................................................................................................9
CYCLISCHE MODELLEN..................................................................................................................10
EQUILIBRIUM MODEL (< BALES)...................................................................................................10
PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM.........................................................................................................10
TURNING POINT (< ERBERT ET AL., 2005).....................................................................................10
ONTWIKKELINGSMODELLEN.........................................................................................................11
GROEPEN & INITIATIES.....................................................................................................................11
GROEPEN & INITIATIES.................................................................................................................11
COGNITIEVE DISSONANTIETHEORIE.............................................................................................11
ONTGROENING.............................................................................................................................12
ONTGROENING / DOPEN..............................................................................................................12
ONTGROENING: ONSCHULDIG?....................................................................................................12
“DARK SIDE” VAN GROEPEN.........................................................................................................12
THEMA 2: NORMEN & ROLLEN..................................................................................................................... 13
GROEPSNORMEN..............................................................................................................................13
THEMA 3: TEAM EFFECTIVITEIT.................................................................................................................... 14
TEAMS..............................................................................................................................................14
GROEPEN > TEAMS.......................................................................................................................15
DIVERSE TEAMS GEBASEERD OP TAAK.........................................................................................15
“MULTI-NIVEAU”..........................................................................................................................15
1
, INTERDEPENDENTIE..........................................................................................................................15
INTERDEPENDENTIE......................................................................................................................15
INTERDEPENDENTIE: OORSPRONG...............................................................................................16
INTERDEPENDENTIE: TYPE............................................................................................................16
TEAMS: OUT-OF-THE-BOX................................................................................................................17
TEAMS VS. MULTI-TEAM SYSTEMS...............................................................................................17
TEAMS VS. TEAMING....................................................................................................................17
TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT..........................................................................................................................17
WAT IS EEN “EFFECTIEF” TEAM?...................................................................................................17
TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT......................................................................................................................17
TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT: PERFORMANTIE..........................................................................................18
TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT: AFFECT & VIABILITY....................................................................................18
TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT: ONTWIKKELING...........................................................................................18
TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT: SYSTEEMMODEL.............................................................................................19
INPUTS..........................................................................................................................................19
INPUT ? OUTPUT.........................................................................................................................19
SYSTEEMMODEL TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT..........................................................................................19
TEAMPROCESSEN.........................................................................................................................20
TRANSITIE – ACTIE - …...................................................................................................................20
TEAMPROCESSEN.........................................................................................................................20
TEAM “EMERGENT” STATES.........................................................................................................21
PSYCHOLOGISCHE VEILIGHEID......................................................................................................21
ROL VAN WERKCOLLEGES.............................................................................................................21
SYSTEEMMODEL: ROL VAN TIJD.......................................................................................................22
ROL VAN TIJD................................................................................................................................22
VIRTUELE TEAMS..............................................................................................................................23
VIRTUEEL TEAMWERK..................................................................................................................23
VIRTUELE TEAMS..........................................................................................................................23
VIRTUELE TEAMS 2.0....................................................................................................................23
SYSTEEMMODEL TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT..........................................................................................25
VIRTUALITEIT X TEAM WORK DESIGN...........................................................................................25
VIRTUELE TEAMS EFFECTIEF?!......................................................................................................25
THEMA 4: TEAMLEREN EN TEAMCOGNITIE................................................................................................... 26
TEAMLEREN?....................................................................................................................................26
“EMERGENCE”..................................................................................................................................27
“EMERGENCE VAN TEAM-EIGENSCHAPPEN”................................................................................27
2
, TEAMLEREN ALS “EMERGENT”.....................................................................................................27
EMERGENCE: COMPOSITION vs. COMPILATION...........................................................................28
TEAMCOGNITIE.................................................................................................................................28
TEAMLEREN?................................................................................................................................28
TEAMLEREN ALS “EMERGENT”.....................................................................................................29
TEAM MENTAL MODEL.................................................................................................................29
TRANSACTIVE MEMORY SYSTEM......................................................................................................30
TRANSACTIVE MEMORY SYSTEM: 2 PERSPECTIEVEN....................................................................30
BELANG VAN TMS.........................................................................................................................31
TEAMLEERPROCESSEN......................................................................................................................32
“MOTOR” VOOR TEAMLEREN.......................................................................................................32
TEAM COMPILATION (EMERGENCE).............................................................................................32
TEAMLEREN ALS “EMERGENT”.....................................................................................................32
TEAM-LEERPROCESSEN.................................................................................................................33
BASIC PROCESSES.........................................................................................................................33
FACILITATING PROCESSES (FACILITERENDE LEERPROCESSEN)......................................................34
STORAGE & RETRIEVAL.................................................................................................................34
TEAM-LEERPROCESSEN.................................................................................................................35
INTEGRATIE-MODEL.........................................................................................................................35
10 (CORE) BUILDING BLOCKS........................................................................................................36
THEMA 5: LEIDERSCHAP EN CONFLICT.......................................................................................................... 37
CONFLICT..........................................................................................................................................37
CONFLICTEN IN GROEPEN EN TEAMS...........................................................................................37
CONFLICT......................................................................................................................................37
CONFLICTKWESTIES IN HET TEAM................................................................................................38
CONFLICTEN EN GROEPSONTWIKKELING.....................................................................................38
CONFLICTKWESTIES VERSCHILLEN PER FASE................................................................................39
CONFLICTGEDRAG VERSCHILT PER FASE.......................................................................................39
VIJF CONFLICTGEDRAGINGEN.......................................................................................................39
CONTINGENTIES CONFLICTGEDRAG.............................................................................................39
ONDERHANDELEN........................................................................................................................40
WIE TREEDT OP ALS PEACEMAKER?.............................................................................................40
LEIDERSCHAP....................................................................................................................................40
WAT IS LEIDERSCHAP?..................................................................................................................40
BEN JIJ EEN GEBOREN LEIDER?.....................................................................................................40
TRAINING VAN LEIDERS................................................................................................................40
3
, TAAKGERICHT EN SOCIAAL / TEAM GERICHT................................................................................41
SITUATIONEEL LEIDERSCHAP: HERSEY & BLANCHARD (p. 149)....................................................41
GEDEELD LEIDERSCHAP IN TEAMS................................................................................................41
THEMA 1: GROEPSVORMING & - ONTWIKKELING
INTRO & GROEPEN
CURSUSMATERIAAL
Clips, slides, nota’s & handboek
H1: Groepsvorming en groepsontwikkeling
H2: Communicatie (zelfstandig)
OEFENING: WIE BEN IK?
NABESPREKING
Hoe vaak beschrijven de groepsleden zich in termen van een groepslidmaatschap?
Wat zijn voor groepsleden de belangrijkste redenen om deel te worden van een groep?
GROEPEN?
“Two or more individuals who are connected by and within social relationships”
Verschillende soorten sociale relaties: familiebanden, taak gerelateerd, vriendschap,
interesses,…
Taxonomie:
Primaire groepen: Familie, hechte vrienden,…
Sociale (secundaire) groepen: teams, studiegroepen, crews,…
Collectieven: publiek, wachtrij, menigte,…
Categorieën: mannen, dokters, etnische groepen,…
BASISFUNCTIES VAN GROEPEN
Belongingness hypothesis: mensen hebben natuurlijke behoefte om zich aan te sluiten bij
anderen
Meeste groepen hebben een bepaalde functie – invloed op hoe we werken, leven, …
Affiliatie – ergens bij horen, geaccepteerd worden
Zekerheid – voelen zich sterker
Intimiteit – contacten met anderen
Sociale steun – aanmoedigen, opbeuren
Sociale vergelijkingsinformatie – info over hoe vergelijkbare anderen het doen
OPWAARTS: bv. als je deel uitmaakt van een groep van sterke presteerders, kan je
jezelf daaraan optrekken
NEERWAARTS: bv. groep die minder presteert dan jou, dan is dit goed voor je
zelfbeeld of eigenwaarde
Invloed – mogelijkheid om invloed uit te oefenen (macht van groepen is groter, kunnen meer
mensen bereiken + invloed op groepsleden)
Status – lidmaatschap van een groep die anderen belangrijk vinden
4
THEMA 1: GROEPSVORMING & - ONTWIKKELING........................................................................................... 4
INTRO & GROEPEN.............................................................................................................................4
OEFENING: WIE BEN IK?.................................................................................................................4
GROEPEN?......................................................................................................................................4
BASISFUNCTIES VAN GROEPEN.......................................................................................................4
FUNCTIES VAN GROEPEN: BASALE BEHOEFTES..............................................................................5
FUNCTIES VAN GROEPEN................................................................................................................5
COHESIE – ‘LIJM’ VAN GROEPEN........................................................................................................5
BRONNEN VAN COHESIE.................................................................................................................6
GEVOLGEN VAN COHESIE (+/-).......................................................................................................7
GROEPSDYNAMICA.............................................................................................................................8
GROEPSDYNAMICA: GROEPSPROCESSEN.......................................................................................8
GROEPSDYNAMICA: FOCUS OP GROEPSPROCESSEN......................................................................8
GROEPSDYNAMICA.........................................................................................................................8
FASEMODEL: TUCKMAN & JENSEN.................................................................................................9
CYCLISCHE MODELLEN..................................................................................................................10
EQUILIBRIUM MODEL (< BALES)...................................................................................................10
PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM.........................................................................................................10
TURNING POINT (< ERBERT ET AL., 2005).....................................................................................10
ONTWIKKELINGSMODELLEN.........................................................................................................11
GROEPEN & INITIATIES.....................................................................................................................11
GROEPEN & INITIATIES.................................................................................................................11
COGNITIEVE DISSONANTIETHEORIE.............................................................................................11
ONTGROENING.............................................................................................................................12
ONTGROENING / DOPEN..............................................................................................................12
ONTGROENING: ONSCHULDIG?....................................................................................................12
“DARK SIDE” VAN GROEPEN.........................................................................................................12
THEMA 2: NORMEN & ROLLEN..................................................................................................................... 13
GROEPSNORMEN..............................................................................................................................13
THEMA 3: TEAM EFFECTIVITEIT.................................................................................................................... 14
TEAMS..............................................................................................................................................14
GROEPEN > TEAMS.......................................................................................................................15
DIVERSE TEAMS GEBASEERD OP TAAK.........................................................................................15
“MULTI-NIVEAU”..........................................................................................................................15
1
, INTERDEPENDENTIE..........................................................................................................................15
INTERDEPENDENTIE......................................................................................................................15
INTERDEPENDENTIE: OORSPRONG...............................................................................................16
INTERDEPENDENTIE: TYPE............................................................................................................16
TEAMS: OUT-OF-THE-BOX................................................................................................................17
TEAMS VS. MULTI-TEAM SYSTEMS...............................................................................................17
TEAMS VS. TEAMING....................................................................................................................17
TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT..........................................................................................................................17
WAT IS EEN “EFFECTIEF” TEAM?...................................................................................................17
TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT......................................................................................................................17
TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT: PERFORMANTIE..........................................................................................18
TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT: AFFECT & VIABILITY....................................................................................18
TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT: ONTWIKKELING...........................................................................................18
TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT: SYSTEEMMODEL.............................................................................................19
INPUTS..........................................................................................................................................19
INPUT ? OUTPUT.........................................................................................................................19
SYSTEEMMODEL TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT..........................................................................................19
TEAMPROCESSEN.........................................................................................................................20
TRANSITIE – ACTIE - …...................................................................................................................20
TEAMPROCESSEN.........................................................................................................................20
TEAM “EMERGENT” STATES.........................................................................................................21
PSYCHOLOGISCHE VEILIGHEID......................................................................................................21
ROL VAN WERKCOLLEGES.............................................................................................................21
SYSTEEMMODEL: ROL VAN TIJD.......................................................................................................22
ROL VAN TIJD................................................................................................................................22
VIRTUELE TEAMS..............................................................................................................................23
VIRTUEEL TEAMWERK..................................................................................................................23
VIRTUELE TEAMS..........................................................................................................................23
VIRTUELE TEAMS 2.0....................................................................................................................23
SYSTEEMMODEL TEAMEFFECTIVITEIT..........................................................................................25
VIRTUALITEIT X TEAM WORK DESIGN...........................................................................................25
VIRTUELE TEAMS EFFECTIEF?!......................................................................................................25
THEMA 4: TEAMLEREN EN TEAMCOGNITIE................................................................................................... 26
TEAMLEREN?....................................................................................................................................26
“EMERGENCE”..................................................................................................................................27
“EMERGENCE VAN TEAM-EIGENSCHAPPEN”................................................................................27
2
, TEAMLEREN ALS “EMERGENT”.....................................................................................................27
EMERGENCE: COMPOSITION vs. COMPILATION...........................................................................28
TEAMCOGNITIE.................................................................................................................................28
TEAMLEREN?................................................................................................................................28
TEAMLEREN ALS “EMERGENT”.....................................................................................................29
TEAM MENTAL MODEL.................................................................................................................29
TRANSACTIVE MEMORY SYSTEM......................................................................................................30
TRANSACTIVE MEMORY SYSTEM: 2 PERSPECTIEVEN....................................................................30
BELANG VAN TMS.........................................................................................................................31
TEAMLEERPROCESSEN......................................................................................................................32
“MOTOR” VOOR TEAMLEREN.......................................................................................................32
TEAM COMPILATION (EMERGENCE).............................................................................................32
TEAMLEREN ALS “EMERGENT”.....................................................................................................32
TEAM-LEERPROCESSEN.................................................................................................................33
BASIC PROCESSES.........................................................................................................................33
FACILITATING PROCESSES (FACILITERENDE LEERPROCESSEN)......................................................34
STORAGE & RETRIEVAL.................................................................................................................34
TEAM-LEERPROCESSEN.................................................................................................................35
INTEGRATIE-MODEL.........................................................................................................................35
10 (CORE) BUILDING BLOCKS........................................................................................................36
THEMA 5: LEIDERSCHAP EN CONFLICT.......................................................................................................... 37
CONFLICT..........................................................................................................................................37
CONFLICTEN IN GROEPEN EN TEAMS...........................................................................................37
CONFLICT......................................................................................................................................37
CONFLICTKWESTIES IN HET TEAM................................................................................................38
CONFLICTEN EN GROEPSONTWIKKELING.....................................................................................38
CONFLICTKWESTIES VERSCHILLEN PER FASE................................................................................39
CONFLICTGEDRAG VERSCHILT PER FASE.......................................................................................39
VIJF CONFLICTGEDRAGINGEN.......................................................................................................39
CONTINGENTIES CONFLICTGEDRAG.............................................................................................39
ONDERHANDELEN........................................................................................................................40
WIE TREEDT OP ALS PEACEMAKER?.............................................................................................40
LEIDERSCHAP....................................................................................................................................40
WAT IS LEIDERSCHAP?..................................................................................................................40
BEN JIJ EEN GEBOREN LEIDER?.....................................................................................................40
TRAINING VAN LEIDERS................................................................................................................40
3
, TAAKGERICHT EN SOCIAAL / TEAM GERICHT................................................................................41
SITUATIONEEL LEIDERSCHAP: HERSEY & BLANCHARD (p. 149)....................................................41
GEDEELD LEIDERSCHAP IN TEAMS................................................................................................41
THEMA 1: GROEPSVORMING & - ONTWIKKELING
INTRO & GROEPEN
CURSUSMATERIAAL
Clips, slides, nota’s & handboek
H1: Groepsvorming en groepsontwikkeling
H2: Communicatie (zelfstandig)
OEFENING: WIE BEN IK?
NABESPREKING
Hoe vaak beschrijven de groepsleden zich in termen van een groepslidmaatschap?
Wat zijn voor groepsleden de belangrijkste redenen om deel te worden van een groep?
GROEPEN?
“Two or more individuals who are connected by and within social relationships”
Verschillende soorten sociale relaties: familiebanden, taak gerelateerd, vriendschap,
interesses,…
Taxonomie:
Primaire groepen: Familie, hechte vrienden,…
Sociale (secundaire) groepen: teams, studiegroepen, crews,…
Collectieven: publiek, wachtrij, menigte,…
Categorieën: mannen, dokters, etnische groepen,…
BASISFUNCTIES VAN GROEPEN
Belongingness hypothesis: mensen hebben natuurlijke behoefte om zich aan te sluiten bij
anderen
Meeste groepen hebben een bepaalde functie – invloed op hoe we werken, leven, …
Affiliatie – ergens bij horen, geaccepteerd worden
Zekerheid – voelen zich sterker
Intimiteit – contacten met anderen
Sociale steun – aanmoedigen, opbeuren
Sociale vergelijkingsinformatie – info over hoe vergelijkbare anderen het doen
OPWAARTS: bv. als je deel uitmaakt van een groep van sterke presteerders, kan je
jezelf daaraan optrekken
NEERWAARTS: bv. groep die minder presteert dan jou, dan is dit goed voor je
zelfbeeld of eigenwaarde
Invloed – mogelijkheid om invloed uit te oefenen (macht van groepen is groter, kunnen meer
mensen bereiken + invloed op groepsleden)
Status – lidmaatschap van een groep die anderen belangrijk vinden
4
