Page |1
BIOD 331/ BIOD 331 MODULE 1 NEWEST 2025/2026 NEWEST
ACTUAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED A+|
What are membrane potentials? - ANSWER-Membrane potentials
are the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a
cell. They are needed to generate nerve impulses or action
potentials and muscular contractions. In other cells, changes in
the membrane potential can cause hormone secretion.
What is epithelial tissue and its characteristics? - ANSWER-
Epithelial tissue: covers body's outer surface, lines inner surfaces,
and forms glandular tissue. It is avascular and draws oxygen and
nutrients from capillaries of the connective tissue on which it
rests.
What is connective tissue and its characteristics? - ANSWER-
Connective tissue: produces extracellular matrix that supports and
holds tissues together. Two categories are connective tissue
proper (consisting of loose, adipose, reticular, and dense
connective tissues) and specialized connective tissue, which
includes cartilage and bone
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What is muscle tissue? - ANSWER-Muscle tissue: moves the
skeletal structures, pumps blood through the heart. Three types:
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
What is nervous tissue? - ANSWER-Nervous tissue: found
throughout body and used for communication between peripheral
tissues and central nervous system. Senses and moves about the
environment. Two types of cells: glial (supporting neurons) and
neurons (function in communication)
What is atrophy and what causes it? - ANSWER-Atrophy is the
decrease of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in the mass of
pre-existing cells. Can be caused by disuse, nutritional or oxygen
deprivation, aging, diminished endocrine stimulation, or
denervation.
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Hypertrophy is the increase of
the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of the
cells that comprise it. An increase of workload causes protein
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synthesis and the size and number of intracellular organelles are
all increased.
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER-Hyperplasia is an increase in
the size of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the
number of cells that compromise the organ or tissue.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of metaplasia? -
ANSWER-Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated
tissue by another. One advantage is that cells are more likely to
survive in a less-than-optimal environment. One disadvantage is
that if the cells remain under constant stress, it can progress to
dysplasia.
Define dysplasia. Is it reversible? What can it lead to? -
ANSWER-Dysplasia is disordered cellular growth and can result
in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization. Dysplasia is
reversible, in theory, with alleviation of inciting stress. If stress
persists, dysplasia progresses to carcinoma (irreversible).
BIOD 331/ BIOD 331 MODULE 1 NEWEST 2025/2026 NEWEST
ACTUAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED A+|
What are membrane potentials? - ANSWER-Membrane potentials
are the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a
cell. They are needed to generate nerve impulses or action
potentials and muscular contractions. In other cells, changes in
the membrane potential can cause hormone secretion.
What is epithelial tissue and its characteristics? - ANSWER-
Epithelial tissue: covers body's outer surface, lines inner surfaces,
and forms glandular tissue. It is avascular and draws oxygen and
nutrients from capillaries of the connective tissue on which it
rests.
What is connective tissue and its characteristics? - ANSWER-
Connective tissue: produces extracellular matrix that supports and
holds tissues together. Two categories are connective tissue
proper (consisting of loose, adipose, reticular, and dense
connective tissues) and specialized connective tissue, which
includes cartilage and bone
, Page |2
What is muscle tissue? - ANSWER-Muscle tissue: moves the
skeletal structures, pumps blood through the heart. Three types:
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
What is nervous tissue? - ANSWER-Nervous tissue: found
throughout body and used for communication between peripheral
tissues and central nervous system. Senses and moves about the
environment. Two types of cells: glial (supporting neurons) and
neurons (function in communication)
What is atrophy and what causes it? - ANSWER-Atrophy is the
decrease of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in the mass of
pre-existing cells. Can be caused by disuse, nutritional or oxygen
deprivation, aging, diminished endocrine stimulation, or
denervation.
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Hypertrophy is the increase of
the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of the
cells that comprise it. An increase of workload causes protein
, Page |3
synthesis and the size and number of intracellular organelles are
all increased.
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER-Hyperplasia is an increase in
the size of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the
number of cells that compromise the organ or tissue.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of metaplasia? -
ANSWER-Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated
tissue by another. One advantage is that cells are more likely to
survive in a less-than-optimal environment. One disadvantage is
that if the cells remain under constant stress, it can progress to
dysplasia.
Define dysplasia. Is it reversible? What can it lead to? -
ANSWER-Dysplasia is disordered cellular growth and can result
in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization. Dysplasia is
reversible, in theory, with alleviation of inciting stress. If stress
persists, dysplasia progresses to carcinoma (irreversible).
