PSYCH 318 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
The belief- adjustment model of Hogarth and Einhorn (1992) describes the process by
which impressions are formed, including - Answer -whether the evidence is processed
as it is received or only once after all of it has been received.
Barry's sister Daria only dates people who wear expensive shoes. Barry advises Daria
to change her rule to the following: only date people who treat you nicely. Barry doesn't
know if his suggestion is the best possible rule, but he thinks it will at least work better
than the rule Daria is using right now. Barry's recommendation is an example of a -
Answer -Prescriptive model
When a person judges the likelihood that an outcome will occur without considering the
probability that it will occur, that person is guilty of: - Answer -Base-rate neglect
Working memory is required for _______ processing, but not necessarily for ______
processing. - Answer -System 2; System 1
Because most murderers are men, Marta has decided to avoid all men. Marta's friend
Jessica pointed out to Marta that her decision to avoid men doesn't make sense,
because only a very small percentage of men are murderers. Nevertheless, Marta said
she feels safer avoiding men and therefore will continue to do so. Marta's reasoning
error is a demonstration of: - Answer -Confusion of the Inverse
Ross and Sicoly's (1979) study in which they asked couples to estimate responsibility
for things like making breakfast, washing dishes, or caring for children: - Answer -In
most cases the estimates added to more than 100%
Studies by Epley and Gilovich (2001) have shown that when people are asked to make
an estimate but never provided with an anchor they tend to: - Answer -generate their
own anchors from any related knowledge they have, and adjust from those.
Recall that people in a study were asked to estimate the age at which Gandhi passed
away, and were given either a plausible anchor (e.g., 64 or 79) or an implausible anchor
(e.g., 9 or 140). In making this estimate the people in the study tended to be influenced
by: - Answer -Both the plausible and the implausible anchor
It could have happened in between either of them.
In Asch's (1946) seminal study of personality traits, he presented people with a list of
someone's traits in either one order or the reverse of the order. He found that people: -
Answer -formed impressions of that person that was heavily influenced by the way the
first set of traits were mentioned.
When we base judgments about another person on the representativeness heuristic, we
are essentially relying on - Answer -stereotypes
, Recall that Tversky and Kahneman (1973) showed students five consonants (K, L, N, R,
V), and asked them to judge whether each appeared more frequently as the first or third
letter in a word. They found that the majority of students judged - Answer -The majority
of the consonants to appear more frequently as the first letter than the third, even
though this was not the case.
Decision theory was born in the 1940s in the field of: - Answer -Economics
Departures from optimal decision making are best explained by - Answer -The concept
of bounded rationality
If it takes 10 cows 10 days to produce 10 barrels of milk, how long would it take 100
cows to make 100 barrels? - Answer -10 Days
The availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic are employed in order to: -
Answer -Estimate the probability under conditions of uncertainty
When we carry out attribute substitution, we are - Answer -answering the difficult
question by answering the easier one instead.
In Tversky and Kahneman's (1973) classic study of famous and non famous names,
people who saw a list containing equal numbers of famous women names and non
famous men's names, or a list containing equal numbers of men's names and non
famous women's names - Answer -Estimated that there were more members of one
gender on the list when the gender was famous (specifically males)
People's expectations about what a random sequence of fair coin tosses looks like is
more likely driven by a belief in - Answer -the law of small numbers
Which pattern of coin tosses is more probable:
A) HTHTTHHHHTTTHHTHTHHTTTHHT
B) HHHHHHHHTTTTTTTHHHTT - Answer -Both patterns are equally probable
Spanjaars, Groenier, van de Ven, and Witteman (2015) found that referral letters
suggesting a mental health diagnosis that were read before a clear-cut case study was
presented elicited an anchoring effect in - Answer -Intermediate but not expert
clinicians
Jim is quiet, studious, organized, and meticulous. In the last month, he read four novels
and a book on European politics. He majored in English literature in college and is very
knowledgeable about books. Which of the following is more probable? - Answer -Jim is
a used car salesman.
When responding to the Linda Problem, people tend to - Answer -commit the
conjunction fallacy.
The belief- adjustment model of Hogarth and Einhorn (1992) describes the process by
which impressions are formed, including - Answer -whether the evidence is processed
as it is received or only once after all of it has been received.
Barry's sister Daria only dates people who wear expensive shoes. Barry advises Daria
to change her rule to the following: only date people who treat you nicely. Barry doesn't
know if his suggestion is the best possible rule, but he thinks it will at least work better
than the rule Daria is using right now. Barry's recommendation is an example of a -
Answer -Prescriptive model
When a person judges the likelihood that an outcome will occur without considering the
probability that it will occur, that person is guilty of: - Answer -Base-rate neglect
Working memory is required for _______ processing, but not necessarily for ______
processing. - Answer -System 2; System 1
Because most murderers are men, Marta has decided to avoid all men. Marta's friend
Jessica pointed out to Marta that her decision to avoid men doesn't make sense,
because only a very small percentage of men are murderers. Nevertheless, Marta said
she feels safer avoiding men and therefore will continue to do so. Marta's reasoning
error is a demonstration of: - Answer -Confusion of the Inverse
Ross and Sicoly's (1979) study in which they asked couples to estimate responsibility
for things like making breakfast, washing dishes, or caring for children: - Answer -In
most cases the estimates added to more than 100%
Studies by Epley and Gilovich (2001) have shown that when people are asked to make
an estimate but never provided with an anchor they tend to: - Answer -generate their
own anchors from any related knowledge they have, and adjust from those.
Recall that people in a study were asked to estimate the age at which Gandhi passed
away, and were given either a plausible anchor (e.g., 64 or 79) or an implausible anchor
(e.g., 9 or 140). In making this estimate the people in the study tended to be influenced
by: - Answer -Both the plausible and the implausible anchor
It could have happened in between either of them.
In Asch's (1946) seminal study of personality traits, he presented people with a list of
someone's traits in either one order or the reverse of the order. He found that people: -
Answer -formed impressions of that person that was heavily influenced by the way the
first set of traits were mentioned.
When we base judgments about another person on the representativeness heuristic, we
are essentially relying on - Answer -stereotypes
, Recall that Tversky and Kahneman (1973) showed students five consonants (K, L, N, R,
V), and asked them to judge whether each appeared more frequently as the first or third
letter in a word. They found that the majority of students judged - Answer -The majority
of the consonants to appear more frequently as the first letter than the third, even
though this was not the case.
Decision theory was born in the 1940s in the field of: - Answer -Economics
Departures from optimal decision making are best explained by - Answer -The concept
of bounded rationality
If it takes 10 cows 10 days to produce 10 barrels of milk, how long would it take 100
cows to make 100 barrels? - Answer -10 Days
The availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic are employed in order to: -
Answer -Estimate the probability under conditions of uncertainty
When we carry out attribute substitution, we are - Answer -answering the difficult
question by answering the easier one instead.
In Tversky and Kahneman's (1973) classic study of famous and non famous names,
people who saw a list containing equal numbers of famous women names and non
famous men's names, or a list containing equal numbers of men's names and non
famous women's names - Answer -Estimated that there were more members of one
gender on the list when the gender was famous (specifically males)
People's expectations about what a random sequence of fair coin tosses looks like is
more likely driven by a belief in - Answer -the law of small numbers
Which pattern of coin tosses is more probable:
A) HTHTTHHHHTTTHHTHTHHTTTHHT
B) HHHHHHHHTTTTTTTHHHTT - Answer -Both patterns are equally probable
Spanjaars, Groenier, van de Ven, and Witteman (2015) found that referral letters
suggesting a mental health diagnosis that were read before a clear-cut case study was
presented elicited an anchoring effect in - Answer -Intermediate but not expert
clinicians
Jim is quiet, studious, organized, and meticulous. In the last month, he read four novels
and a book on European politics. He majored in English literature in college and is very
knowledgeable about books. Which of the following is more probable? - Answer -Jim is
a used car salesman.
When responding to the Linda Problem, people tend to - Answer -commit the
conjunction fallacy.
