CNUR 302 Final Exam Questions and
Actual Detailed Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
MSK variations in children - Answer - infants/ young children have resilient soft tissue
- prone to bends not strains/ sprains/ fractures
- inc. risk of injury from immaturity
- immobility can affect development of motor skills
- Growth plate is the weakest part of the bone
- Bone healing is fast due to strong blood supply
- Interior tibial torsion with metatarsus adducts is normal in infants
Fractures in children - Answer * rare in < 1 yr olds
- evaluate for disorder or abuse
- distal radius or ulna most common due to parachute reflex
- weakest point of long bones called the "physis"
- Complications: infection, avascular necrosis, bone shortening, nerve pain, fat embolism, reflex
sympathetic dystrophy, compartment syndrome
- Use traction to prevent muscle contraction
- Care: RICE, pain management, neuro checks, tetanus shot, cast care/ teaching, external
fixation (severe)
- Spica cast used for hip fractures
6 P's of Compartment Syndrome - Answer 1) Pain
2) Pallor
3) Paresthesia
4) Paralysis
5) Pulselessness
6) Poikilothermia
Polydactyly/ Syndactyly - Answer Extra digits on hand or foot
, Developmental Dysplasia - Answer Dislocation, subluxation, or dysplasia of the hip joint
- Complications: avascular necrosis of femoral head, dec. ROM, femoral nerve palsy, leg length
discrepancy, early osteoarthritis
- Care: maintain hip joint in reduction using a pavlik harness 24/7
Tibia Vara - Answer The growth plate of the upper tibia ceases bond production. Need to wear
a brace.
Torticollis - Answer Painless muscular condition r/t utero positioning or difficult birth passage.
Need to perform neck stretches.
Rickets - Answer Softening or weakening of bones r/t nutritional deficiencies during periods of
rapid growth
- Care: correct Calcium imbalance , inc. sun exposure
- S & S: hx of fractures, bow legs, hypotonia, bone pain, dental deformities
- RF: limited sun exposure, vegetarian diet, prematurity, GI disorder
Osteomyelitis - Answer Bacterial infection of bone & soft tissue usually from Staph. A.
- Care: 4-6 wks of IV antibiotics, pain management, crutches
- S & S: limp, trauma, fever, weakness, erythema, swelling, burning, impetigo
Scoliosis - Answer Lateral curvature of the spine exceeding >10 degrees
- S & S: unequal shoulder height, growth spurts, unequal waist angels
- Diagnosis: spinal x-ray, MRI
- Care: Back brace, surgery if >45 degree angle
Common Med/ Treatments for cardiac conditions in children - Answer Digoxin (slows rate &
inc. cardiac output), Furosemide (loop diuretic to dec. BP), Spironolactone (potassium sparing
diuretic to dec. BP), ACE inhibitors (dec. workload of heart & dec. BP), chest physiology, O2
therapy, and surgery
Heart Failure - Answer * Inc. Pulmonary Flow
S & S: Orthopnea, dyspnea, activity intolerance, growth delay, cyanosis, edema, dizziness,
syncope, pneumonia hx, poor feeding, fatigue, failure to thrive, N & V, clubbing, retractions,
Actual Detailed Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
MSK variations in children - Answer - infants/ young children have resilient soft tissue
- prone to bends not strains/ sprains/ fractures
- inc. risk of injury from immaturity
- immobility can affect development of motor skills
- Growth plate is the weakest part of the bone
- Bone healing is fast due to strong blood supply
- Interior tibial torsion with metatarsus adducts is normal in infants
Fractures in children - Answer * rare in < 1 yr olds
- evaluate for disorder or abuse
- distal radius or ulna most common due to parachute reflex
- weakest point of long bones called the "physis"
- Complications: infection, avascular necrosis, bone shortening, nerve pain, fat embolism, reflex
sympathetic dystrophy, compartment syndrome
- Use traction to prevent muscle contraction
- Care: RICE, pain management, neuro checks, tetanus shot, cast care/ teaching, external
fixation (severe)
- Spica cast used for hip fractures
6 P's of Compartment Syndrome - Answer 1) Pain
2) Pallor
3) Paresthesia
4) Paralysis
5) Pulselessness
6) Poikilothermia
Polydactyly/ Syndactyly - Answer Extra digits on hand or foot
, Developmental Dysplasia - Answer Dislocation, subluxation, or dysplasia of the hip joint
- Complications: avascular necrosis of femoral head, dec. ROM, femoral nerve palsy, leg length
discrepancy, early osteoarthritis
- Care: maintain hip joint in reduction using a pavlik harness 24/7
Tibia Vara - Answer The growth plate of the upper tibia ceases bond production. Need to wear
a brace.
Torticollis - Answer Painless muscular condition r/t utero positioning or difficult birth passage.
Need to perform neck stretches.
Rickets - Answer Softening or weakening of bones r/t nutritional deficiencies during periods of
rapid growth
- Care: correct Calcium imbalance , inc. sun exposure
- S & S: hx of fractures, bow legs, hypotonia, bone pain, dental deformities
- RF: limited sun exposure, vegetarian diet, prematurity, GI disorder
Osteomyelitis - Answer Bacterial infection of bone & soft tissue usually from Staph. A.
- Care: 4-6 wks of IV antibiotics, pain management, crutches
- S & S: limp, trauma, fever, weakness, erythema, swelling, burning, impetigo
Scoliosis - Answer Lateral curvature of the spine exceeding >10 degrees
- S & S: unequal shoulder height, growth spurts, unequal waist angels
- Diagnosis: spinal x-ray, MRI
- Care: Back brace, surgery if >45 degree angle
Common Med/ Treatments for cardiac conditions in children - Answer Digoxin (slows rate &
inc. cardiac output), Furosemide (loop diuretic to dec. BP), Spironolactone (potassium sparing
diuretic to dec. BP), ACE inhibitors (dec. workload of heart & dec. BP), chest physiology, O2
therapy, and surgery
Heart Failure - Answer * Inc. Pulmonary Flow
S & S: Orthopnea, dyspnea, activity intolerance, growth delay, cyanosis, edema, dizziness,
syncope, pneumonia hx, poor feeding, fatigue, failure to thrive, N & V, clubbing, retractions,
