Psyc 301 - Exam 2 Questions With
Complete Solutions
Traumatic Brain Injury and Epilepsy Paper - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Leading cause
| | | | | | | | | |
of epilepsy
|
This population-based study suggests that the risk of epileptic seizures is
| | | | | | | | | | |
increased twofold after mild and ninefold after severe traumatic brain injury
| | | | | | | | | |
Although the risk after an isolated intracranial hemorrhage or brain contusion is
| | | | | | | | | | | |
increased 5- to 6fold, a combination of these diagnoses leads to a 43 times
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
increased risk | |
During the first 6 months after a severe TBI, the risk for epileptic seizures is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
increased almost 50 times | | | |
The risk for developing epileptic seizures is still increased >10 years after the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
trauma 8 |
Discuss the degree to which Cartesian dualism still haunts modern medicine and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
neuroscience. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-There is no consensual theoretical model
| | | | | | | | |
for the brain-mind
| |
The terms neural correlates, underpinnings, and representations do not close the
| | | | | | | | | | |
psyche/soma gap, they expose it | | | | |
The course of research rests on paradigms
| | | | | | |
| - primary assumptions that lie beneath all scientific investigation, and sometimes
| | | | | | | | | |
| those paradigms shift
| | |
Paradigms such as "functional or organic", "mental or physical" are not only
| | | | | | | | | | | |
wrong, but lead to bad habits of thinking because they lead to static and obsolete
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
,ideas and do not allow for modern pluralistic and dynamic ideas of matter and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
structure xf |
Understand the difference between epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic
| | | | | | | |
seizures, and describe an example of a psychogenic nonepileptic seizure. -
| | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Epilepsy is classified as an organic disease
| | | | | | |
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizure as a functional disorder because no physical site
| | | | | | | | | |
of injury can be dound
| | | | | |
The neurologist who suspects PNES must become a medical detective, relying on
| | | | | | | | | | | |
a clue from her patient, such as a seizure triggered by some powerful emotional
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
event |
|- then again, there are epileptic patients who can seize after a shock or a strong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
emotional experience too | |
Some epileptic also have PNES
| | | |
Critique the psychogenic vs. organic dichotomy. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | |
Psychogenic is said to be without any organic basis, non-organic?
| | | | | | | | | |
|- does that mean that psychogenic seizures are unreal, ungrounded, and
| | | | | | | | | | |
immaterial?
Why does philosophy matter in 'brain matters'? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The
| | | | | | | | | |
argument over mind-body still exists today and can be harmful for certain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
diagnoses
What shortcomings in the literature motivated the study done by Mahler et al.? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Most previous reports are cohort studies of selected TBI
| | | | | | | | | |
patients from trauma centers, making it difficult to generalize from these results
| | | | | | | | | | | |
,| - included only patients younger than 26 years
| | | | | | |
Briefly describe the key points of the study, as listed on page 1439. - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-This population-based study suggests that the risk of epileptic | | | | | | | | |
seizures is increased twofold after mild and ninefold after severe traumatic brain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
injury
Although the risk after an isolated intracranial hemorrhage or brain contusion is
| | | | | | | | | | | |
increased 5- to 6fold, a combination of these diagnoses leads to a 43 times
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
increased risk | |
During the first 6 months after a severe TBI, the risk for epileptic seizures is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
increased almost 50 times | | | |
The risk for developing epileptic seizures is still increased >10 years after the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
trauma 8 |
Summarize the methods and results of the Mahler et al. study in 2-3sentences. -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Methods: used the Stockholm Incidence Registry on
| | | | | | | |
Epilepsy to carry out a population-based case-control study
| | | | | | |
| - 15000 matched controls
| | | |
|- relative risks (RRs) for unprovoked seizures were estimated after various TBI
| | | | | | | | | | | |
diagnoses, and influences of TBI diagnoses, and influences of TBI severity and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
time since trauma were studied in detail
| | | | | |
Results: After hospitalization for mild TBI, the RR was 2.0
| | | | | | | | | |
- the RR was higher after brain contusion, whereas a combination of both
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
diagnoses led to a further sevenfold increase in RR
| | | | | | | | |
| - the risk was greatest during the first 6 months after severe TBI
| | | | | | | | | | | |
, Summarize the relationship between TBI severity and the occurrence of
| | | | | | | | | |
posttraumatic epilepsy. What did Mahler et al. contribute to this field of study? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Previous research showed that brain contusion and
| | | | | | | |
subdural hematoma were identified as the strongest risk factors for PTE, whereas
| | | | | | | | | | | |
other factors like skull fractures, older age, and prolonged loss of consciousness
| | | | | | | | | | | |
were weaker, but significant factors
| | | | |
Seems to be a relation between amount of focal tissue destruction and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
development of PTE | | |
Mahler et al. confirmed the association between TBI severity and risk for
| | | | | | | | | | | |
developing unprovoked seizures | | |
As AF is comparable for mild and severe TBI, both diagnoses roughly contribute
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
equally to the disease burden of epilepsy in society due to the higher prevalence
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
of mild TBI
| | |
The risk for unprovoked epileptic seizures was highest within the first 6 months
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
after mild and severe TBI
| | | | |
Patients with a combination of cerebral contusion and ICH are at very high risk for
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
unprovoked seizures and PTE, which calls for closer monitoring and special
| | | | | | | | | | | |
precautions in particular during the first years after the trauma
| | | | | | | | |
What is the dose-response relationship for rehabilitative therapy following
| | | | | | | | |
stroke? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Treatment groups receiving more therapy
| | | | | | | |
improved beyond control groups that received less
| | | | | |
Increased time scheduled for therapy was a significant predictor of increased
| | | | | | | | | | |
improvement by itself | | |
Positive relationship |
Complete Solutions
Traumatic Brain Injury and Epilepsy Paper - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Leading cause
| | | | | | | | | |
of epilepsy
|
This population-based study suggests that the risk of epileptic seizures is
| | | | | | | | | | |
increased twofold after mild and ninefold after severe traumatic brain injury
| | | | | | | | | |
Although the risk after an isolated intracranial hemorrhage or brain contusion is
| | | | | | | | | | | |
increased 5- to 6fold, a combination of these diagnoses leads to a 43 times
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
increased risk | |
During the first 6 months after a severe TBI, the risk for epileptic seizures is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
increased almost 50 times | | | |
The risk for developing epileptic seizures is still increased >10 years after the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
trauma 8 |
Discuss the degree to which Cartesian dualism still haunts modern medicine and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
neuroscience. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-There is no consensual theoretical model
| | | | | | | | |
for the brain-mind
| |
The terms neural correlates, underpinnings, and representations do not close the
| | | | | | | | | | |
psyche/soma gap, they expose it | | | | |
The course of research rests on paradigms
| | | | | | |
| - primary assumptions that lie beneath all scientific investigation, and sometimes
| | | | | | | | | |
| those paradigms shift
| | |
Paradigms such as "functional or organic", "mental or physical" are not only
| | | | | | | | | | | |
wrong, but lead to bad habits of thinking because they lead to static and obsolete
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
,ideas and do not allow for modern pluralistic and dynamic ideas of matter and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
structure xf |
Understand the difference between epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic
| | | | | | | |
seizures, and describe an example of a psychogenic nonepileptic seizure. -
| | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Epilepsy is classified as an organic disease
| | | | | | |
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizure as a functional disorder because no physical site
| | | | | | | | | |
of injury can be dound
| | | | | |
The neurologist who suspects PNES must become a medical detective, relying on
| | | | | | | | | | | |
a clue from her patient, such as a seizure triggered by some powerful emotional
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
event |
|- then again, there are epileptic patients who can seize after a shock or a strong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
emotional experience too | |
Some epileptic also have PNES
| | | |
Critique the psychogenic vs. organic dichotomy. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | | |
Psychogenic is said to be without any organic basis, non-organic?
| | | | | | | | | |
|- does that mean that psychogenic seizures are unreal, ungrounded, and
| | | | | | | | | | |
immaterial?
Why does philosophy matter in 'brain matters'? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The
| | | | | | | | | |
argument over mind-body still exists today and can be harmful for certain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
diagnoses
What shortcomings in the literature motivated the study done by Mahler et al.? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Most previous reports are cohort studies of selected TBI
| | | | | | | | | |
patients from trauma centers, making it difficult to generalize from these results
| | | | | | | | | | | |
,| - included only patients younger than 26 years
| | | | | | |
Briefly describe the key points of the study, as listed on page 1439. - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-This population-based study suggests that the risk of epileptic | | | | | | | | |
seizures is increased twofold after mild and ninefold after severe traumatic brain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
injury
Although the risk after an isolated intracranial hemorrhage or brain contusion is
| | | | | | | | | | | |
increased 5- to 6fold, a combination of these diagnoses leads to a 43 times
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
increased risk | |
During the first 6 months after a severe TBI, the risk for epileptic seizures is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
increased almost 50 times | | | |
The risk for developing epileptic seizures is still increased >10 years after the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
trauma 8 |
Summarize the methods and results of the Mahler et al. study in 2-3sentences. -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Methods: used the Stockholm Incidence Registry on
| | | | | | | |
Epilepsy to carry out a population-based case-control study
| | | | | | |
| - 15000 matched controls
| | | |
|- relative risks (RRs) for unprovoked seizures were estimated after various TBI
| | | | | | | | | | | |
diagnoses, and influences of TBI diagnoses, and influences of TBI severity and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
time since trauma were studied in detail
| | | | | |
Results: After hospitalization for mild TBI, the RR was 2.0
| | | | | | | | | |
- the RR was higher after brain contusion, whereas a combination of both
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
diagnoses led to a further sevenfold increase in RR
| | | | | | | | |
| - the risk was greatest during the first 6 months after severe TBI
| | | | | | | | | | | |
, Summarize the relationship between TBI severity and the occurrence of
| | | | | | | | | |
posttraumatic epilepsy. What did Mahler et al. contribute to this field of study? -
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Previous research showed that brain contusion and
| | | | | | | |
subdural hematoma were identified as the strongest risk factors for PTE, whereas
| | | | | | | | | | | |
other factors like skull fractures, older age, and prolonged loss of consciousness
| | | | | | | | | | | |
were weaker, but significant factors
| | | | |
Seems to be a relation between amount of focal tissue destruction and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
development of PTE | | |
Mahler et al. confirmed the association between TBI severity and risk for
| | | | | | | | | | | |
developing unprovoked seizures | | |
As AF is comparable for mild and severe TBI, both diagnoses roughly contribute
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
equally to the disease burden of epilepsy in society due to the higher prevalence
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
of mild TBI
| | |
The risk for unprovoked epileptic seizures was highest within the first 6 months
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
after mild and severe TBI
| | | | |
Patients with a combination of cerebral contusion and ICH are at very high risk for
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
unprovoked seizures and PTE, which calls for closer monitoring and special
| | | | | | | | | | | |
precautions in particular during the first years after the trauma
| | | | | | | | |
What is the dose-response relationship for rehabilitative therapy following
| | | | | | | | |
stroke? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Treatment groups receiving more therapy
| | | | | | | |
improved beyond control groups that received less
| | | | | |
Increased time scheduled for therapy was a significant predictor of increased
| | | | | | | | | | |
improvement by itself | | |
Positive relationship |
