Anatomy and Physiology chapter 2 Questions
and Answers
Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space, existing as solid, liquid, or gas.
Mass
The measure of how much matter is in an object; related to weight but independent of gravity.
Solid
A state of matter with definite shape and definite volume.
Liquid
A state of matter with definite volume but shape that conforms to its container.
Gas
A state of matter with neither definite shape nor volume; expands to fill space.
Energy
The capacity to do work or cause change by moving or rearranging matter.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion; seen when matter is actively moving.
Potential Energy
Stored energy, often found in chemical bonds or position.
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in chemical bonds that is released in reactions.
Electrical Energy
Energy from movement of charged particles like ions or electrons.
Mechanical Energy
Energy that is directly involved in moving matter (e.g., muscle contraction).
Radiant Energy
Energy carried by electromagnetic waves, such as light and X-rays.
Atom
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
, Proton
A positively charged particle in the nucleus with mass of ~1 amu.
Neutron
A neutral particle in the nucleus with mass of ~1 amu.
Electron
A negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus with very little mass.
Atomic Mass
The total mass of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
Atomic Weight
The average mass of an element's isotopes, weighted by abundance.
Nucleus
The dense center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in an atom's nucleus; defines the element.
Element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom, all with the same number of protons.
Isotopes
Forms of the same element with identical proton numbers but different neutron counts.
Radioisotopes
Unstable isotopes that emit radiation as they decay to more stable forms.
Half-Life
The time required for half of a radioactive isotope sample to decay.
Orbitals
Regions around a nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found.
2-8-8 Rule
The first three electron shells can hold 2, 8, and 8 electrons, stabilizing the atom.
Valence Shell
The outermost electron shell of an atom; determines chemical reactivity.
Ions
and Answers
Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space, existing as solid, liquid, or gas.
Mass
The measure of how much matter is in an object; related to weight but independent of gravity.
Solid
A state of matter with definite shape and definite volume.
Liquid
A state of matter with definite volume but shape that conforms to its container.
Gas
A state of matter with neither definite shape nor volume; expands to fill space.
Energy
The capacity to do work or cause change by moving or rearranging matter.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion; seen when matter is actively moving.
Potential Energy
Stored energy, often found in chemical bonds or position.
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in chemical bonds that is released in reactions.
Electrical Energy
Energy from movement of charged particles like ions or electrons.
Mechanical Energy
Energy that is directly involved in moving matter (e.g., muscle contraction).
Radiant Energy
Energy carried by electromagnetic waves, such as light and X-rays.
Atom
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
, Proton
A positively charged particle in the nucleus with mass of ~1 amu.
Neutron
A neutral particle in the nucleus with mass of ~1 amu.
Electron
A negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus with very little mass.
Atomic Mass
The total mass of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
Atomic Weight
The average mass of an element's isotopes, weighted by abundance.
Nucleus
The dense center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in an atom's nucleus; defines the element.
Element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom, all with the same number of protons.
Isotopes
Forms of the same element with identical proton numbers but different neutron counts.
Radioisotopes
Unstable isotopes that emit radiation as they decay to more stable forms.
Half-Life
The time required for half of a radioactive isotope sample to decay.
Orbitals
Regions around a nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found.
2-8-8 Rule
The first three electron shells can hold 2, 8, and 8 electrons, stabilizing the atom.
Valence Shell
The outermost electron shell of an atom; determines chemical reactivity.
Ions
