Anatomy and Physiology 1: Midterm Review Questions and Answers

Anatomy and Physiology 1: Midterm Review
Questions and Answers
CHAPTER 1:

ANATOMY - ✅✅The study of the STRUCTURE of the body



PHYSIOLOGY - ✅✅The study of the FUNCTION of the body - Greek "relationship to nature"



PATHOLOGY - ✅✅The study of Disease



LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION - ✅✅Atom>Molecules>Cells>Tissues>Organs>Systems>Organisms



CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE - ✅✅METABOLISM - living organisms use oxygen to release the energy
stored in food (oxidative metabolism)

RESPONSIVENESS - living organisms respond to their environment

HOMEOSTASIS - living organisms remain within certain limits

ORGANIZATION - living organisms have varying degrees of organization (layers, tissues, organs)

REPRODUCTION - living things have the ability to produce

GROWTH - living organisms will grow



Name the five (5) BODY CAVITIES - ✅✅TWO MAIN CAVITIES - DORSAL & VENTAL

DORSAL:

Cranial cavity

Spinal cavity

VENTRAL:

Thoracic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

,PLANES OF THE BODY - ✅✅FRONTAL (coronal) plane - divides the body into anterior and posterior
sections

SAGITTAL plane - divides the body into left and right sections

TRANSVERSE (horizontal) plane - dives the body into superior and interior sections



Describe the ANATOMICAL POSITION and know the directional terms - ✅✅ANATOMICAL POSITION:

Body is upright

Standing erect

Head level, eyes forward chin level

Arms at sides, palms forward (thumbs lateral)

Feet flat, directed forward, shoulder width apart



Directional terms - describe body directions - ✅✅SUPERIOR - a part above another part



Directional terms - describe body directions - ✅✅INFERIOR - a part is below another part



Directional terms - describe body directions - ✅✅ANTERIOR (ventral) - means towards the front



Directional terms - describe body directions - ✅✅POSTERIOR (dorsal) - means towards the back



Directional terms - describe body directions - ✅✅MEDIAL - an imaginary midline dividing the body
intoequal right and left halves



Directional terms - describe body directions - ✅✅LATERAL - towards the side, away from midline
(ears are lateral to the yes)



Directional terms - describe body directions - ✅✅PROXIMAL - a part closer to a point of attachment
to the trunk than another body part (elbow is proximal to the wrist)

, Directional terms - describe body directions - ✅✅DISTAL - is the opposite of proximal. It means a
particular body part is farther from a point of attachment to the trunk. (the fingers are distal to the
wrist)



Directional terms - describe body directions - ✅✅CRANIAL (cephalic) and CAUDAL - Tail side



Directional terms - describe body directions - ✅✅PRONE - Lying face down



Directional terms - describe body directions - ✅✅SUPINE - Face up



Directional terms - describe body directions - ✅✅SUPERFICIAL - near the surface (the epidermis is the
superficial layer of the skin)



Directional terms - describe body directions - ✅✅DEEP - more internal parts (the dermis is the deep
layer of the skin)



ANABOLISM - ✅✅Metabolic building of simple compounds

into more complex substances needed by the body



ANATOMICAL POSITION - ✅✅Body is upright

Standing erect

Head level, eyes forward chin level

Arms at sides, palms forward (thumbs lateral)

Feet flat, directed forward, shoulder width apart



ANATOMY - ✅✅Study of body STRUCTURE



CATABOLISM - ✅✅Metabolic breakdown of substances into simpler substances; includes digestion of
food and the oxidation of nutrient molecules for energy