CRA Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025
Davis-Bacon Act - Answers The Davis-Bacon act of 1931 is a United States federal law that
establishes the requirement for paying the local prevailing wages and fringe benefits on public
works projects for laborers and mechanics.
It applies to "contractors and subcontractors performing on federally funded or assisted
contracts in excess of $2,000 for the construction, alteration, or repair (including painting and
decorating) of public buildings or public works".
Biohazard Level 1 - Answers Work involving well-characterized agents not known to consistently
cause disease in immunocompetent adult humans, and present minimal potential hazard to
laboratory personnel and the environment.
Work is typically conducted on open bench tops using standard microbiological practices.
Special containment equipment or facility design is
not required, but may be used as determined by appropriate risk assessment.
Example: Chicken Pox
Biohazard Level 2 - Answers Work involving agents that pose moderate hazards to personnel
and the environment.
It differs from BSL-1 in that: 1) laboratory personnel have specific training in handling
pathogenic agents and are supervised by scientists competent in handling infectious agents
and associated procedures; 2) access to the laboratory is restricted when work is being
conducted; and 3) all procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created are
conducted in BSCs or other physical containment equipment.
Example: HIV
Biohazard Level 3 - Answers Work with indigenous or exotic agents that may cause serious or
lethal disease via aerosol transmission (inhalation).
Strictly controlled and must be registered with government agencies
,Ventilation must provide ducted, directional airflow with no re-circulation; must have all BL-2
protestions plus more protective primary barriers as necessary (scrub suits, respirators, etc).
Examples: West Nile, Yellow Fever
Biohazard Level 4 - Answers Work with agents that are extremely dangerous and pose a high
risk of life-threatening disease.
Maximum protection and containment. Complete clothing change/shower/decontamination of
all meterials before leaving the facility. Class III Biosafety cabinet.
Usually work is done in separate, isolated buildings with dedicated supply/exhaust ventilation
through HEPA filters.
Examples: Ebola, Lassa Virus, or any agent with unknown risks of transmission.
Biohazard Symbol - Answers Created by Dow Chemical Company in 1966
"Wanted something memorable but meaningless so they could educate people on what it
means"
Biohazardous Waste - Answers Any waste containing infectious materials or potentially
infectious substances (blood, sharps, or other wastes that could cause injury during handling).
AKA: Infectious Waste or Biomed Waste
Biological Hazards - Answers Biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living
organisms, primarily that of humans.
Disposal of Biological Hazards - Answers Red sharps containers and other contaminated
biohazard waste must be collected by a licenced biohazard waste hauler.
Non-contaminated waste can be disposed of as medical waste.
,Hazardous Materials - Answers Any items or agent which has the potential to cause harm to
humans, animals, or the environment, either by itself or through interaction with other factors.
Can be Biological, Chemical, Radiological, and/or Physical
Nuremberg Trials - Answers 1945-1946
Nazis performing medical experiments without subject's consent.
Led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code
Example: studying the effects of a human only drinking salt water for 3-4 months
Nuremberg Code (4 points) - Answers Outlines and defines the ethical conduct of medical
experiments.
1) All research must have requirements for informed consent (must be voluntary)
2) Research must have benefits to society
3) Research must avoid any unnecessary risk
4) Must be run by scientifically qualified investigators
Thalidomide - Answers 1962
Seen as a "cure all" (especially for morning sickness) and was sold to the public without a study
into potential side effects
Caused severe birth defects
The Declaration of Helsinki was created as a direct result
Declaration of Helsinki - Answers 1964
, Build on the Nuremberg Code
Recommendations:
1) Research with humans should be based on lab and animal experimentation
2) Research should be conducted by a medically/scientifically qualified individual
3) Risks should not exceed benefits
Declaration of Helsinki 1975 review - Answers 1) There must be an independent review of
research protocols
2) Provided requirements for informed consent
Syphilis Study at Tuskegee - Answers 1932-1972
Targeted African Americans
Subjects were told they would receive free medical care for Syphilis but received nothing
Researchers deliberately withheld Penicillin from subjects, despite it being the known cure for
Syphilis
National Research Act - Answers 1974
Established the existence of Institutional Review Boards to review biomedical and behavioral
research involving human subjects
Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects in biomedical/behavioral research
Identified basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral
research involving human subjects
Davis-Bacon Act - Answers The Davis-Bacon act of 1931 is a United States federal law that
establishes the requirement for paying the local prevailing wages and fringe benefits on public
works projects for laborers and mechanics.
It applies to "contractors and subcontractors performing on federally funded or assisted
contracts in excess of $2,000 for the construction, alteration, or repair (including painting and
decorating) of public buildings or public works".
Biohazard Level 1 - Answers Work involving well-characterized agents not known to consistently
cause disease in immunocompetent adult humans, and present minimal potential hazard to
laboratory personnel and the environment.
Work is typically conducted on open bench tops using standard microbiological practices.
Special containment equipment or facility design is
not required, but may be used as determined by appropriate risk assessment.
Example: Chicken Pox
Biohazard Level 2 - Answers Work involving agents that pose moderate hazards to personnel
and the environment.
It differs from BSL-1 in that: 1) laboratory personnel have specific training in handling
pathogenic agents and are supervised by scientists competent in handling infectious agents
and associated procedures; 2) access to the laboratory is restricted when work is being
conducted; and 3) all procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created are
conducted in BSCs or other physical containment equipment.
Example: HIV
Biohazard Level 3 - Answers Work with indigenous or exotic agents that may cause serious or
lethal disease via aerosol transmission (inhalation).
Strictly controlled and must be registered with government agencies
,Ventilation must provide ducted, directional airflow with no re-circulation; must have all BL-2
protestions plus more protective primary barriers as necessary (scrub suits, respirators, etc).
Examples: West Nile, Yellow Fever
Biohazard Level 4 - Answers Work with agents that are extremely dangerous and pose a high
risk of life-threatening disease.
Maximum protection and containment. Complete clothing change/shower/decontamination of
all meterials before leaving the facility. Class III Biosafety cabinet.
Usually work is done in separate, isolated buildings with dedicated supply/exhaust ventilation
through HEPA filters.
Examples: Ebola, Lassa Virus, or any agent with unknown risks of transmission.
Biohazard Symbol - Answers Created by Dow Chemical Company in 1966
"Wanted something memorable but meaningless so they could educate people on what it
means"
Biohazardous Waste - Answers Any waste containing infectious materials or potentially
infectious substances (blood, sharps, or other wastes that could cause injury during handling).
AKA: Infectious Waste or Biomed Waste
Biological Hazards - Answers Biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living
organisms, primarily that of humans.
Disposal of Biological Hazards - Answers Red sharps containers and other contaminated
biohazard waste must be collected by a licenced biohazard waste hauler.
Non-contaminated waste can be disposed of as medical waste.
,Hazardous Materials - Answers Any items or agent which has the potential to cause harm to
humans, animals, or the environment, either by itself or through interaction with other factors.
Can be Biological, Chemical, Radiological, and/or Physical
Nuremberg Trials - Answers 1945-1946
Nazis performing medical experiments without subject's consent.
Led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code
Example: studying the effects of a human only drinking salt water for 3-4 months
Nuremberg Code (4 points) - Answers Outlines and defines the ethical conduct of medical
experiments.
1) All research must have requirements for informed consent (must be voluntary)
2) Research must have benefits to society
3) Research must avoid any unnecessary risk
4) Must be run by scientifically qualified investigators
Thalidomide - Answers 1962
Seen as a "cure all" (especially for morning sickness) and was sold to the public without a study
into potential side effects
Caused severe birth defects
The Declaration of Helsinki was created as a direct result
Declaration of Helsinki - Answers 1964
, Build on the Nuremberg Code
Recommendations:
1) Research with humans should be based on lab and animal experimentation
2) Research should be conducted by a medically/scientifically qualified individual
3) Risks should not exceed benefits
Declaration of Helsinki 1975 review - Answers 1) There must be an independent review of
research protocols
2) Provided requirements for informed consent
Syphilis Study at Tuskegee - Answers 1932-1972
Targeted African Americans
Subjects were told they would receive free medical care for Syphilis but received nothing
Researchers deliberately withheld Penicillin from subjects, despite it being the known cure for
Syphilis
National Research Act - Answers 1974
Established the existence of Institutional Review Boards to review biomedical and behavioral
research involving human subjects
Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects in biomedical/behavioral research
Identified basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral
research involving human subjects
