Global water budget - ANSWER balance of water fluxes and size of water stores
involved in hydrological cycle each year
Closed system - ANSWER Transfer of energy but no matter between the system
and its surroundings
Open system - ANSWER Receives inputs from and transfers outputs of energy and
matter to other systems
Oceans water store - ANSWER 96.9%
Continents water store - ANSWER 3.02% (Groundwater 1.1%, River/Lake 0.1%,
Soil moisture 0.01%, Atmosphere moisture 0.001%, Biological 0.0001%)
Fluxes - ANSWER Martime to Continental Atmosphere 40 (10(3)km3)
Continental Atmos. to Continents 113 (reverse 73)
Continents to Oceans 40
Oceans to Maritime Atmos. 413 (reverse 373)
Fossil water - ANSWER Water contained in an undisturbed space for longer than
1,000 years
Blue water - ANSWER Water in its liquid form (Rivers)
Green water - ANSWER Water evaporated from soil and plants
Grey water - ANSWER Relatively clean water waste from baths, sinks and kitchen
appliances
Ogallala Aquifer USA - ANSWER Used for agriculture in Midwest, declined 300ft in
some areas since 1940s, would take 6,000 years to replenish
Water budget equation - ANSWER Precipitation (Input) = Channel discharge +
evapotranspiration (Output) +/- changes in storage
Drainage Basin - ANSWER Area drained by a river and its tributaries, separated by
high land called watershed (open system)
Interception - ANSWER Water impeded by vegetation, varies due to temperature,
leaf type, age and density
, Infiltration - ANSWER Rate water enters pores in the soil (mm/hour) - changes due
to saturation levels
Overland flow - ANSWER Water moving across the surface
Saturated overland flow - ANSWER Rainwater forced to run off the surface when
maximum soil saturation is reached
Infiltration-excess overland flow - ANSWER When rainfall intensity is higher than
infiltration capacity, causing the additional water to run over the surface
Groundwater flow - ANSWER Slow movement of percolated water through rocks to
a river
Percolation - ANSWER Water moving vertically downwards through rocks
Evapotranspiration - ANSWER Total amount of water removed from a drainage
basin from liquid water to gas and water in the soil taken through plants that is e from
the stomata
Channel runoff - ANSWER Total water output from the catchment at river mouth
Human disruption to interception - ANSWER Varied crops, deforestation,
urbanisation
Human disruption to infiltration - ANSWER Trampling, urbanisation, deforestation,
ploughing
Human disruption to channel runoff - ANSWER River extraction reducing flow
(Colorado River)
Human disruption to evapotranspiration - ANSWER Dams, global warming,
vegetation changes
London Aquifer - ANSWER Decline 65m 1845-1967
Water table rise became threat - 1998 increase in abstraction (70 million litres / day)
Convectional rainfall - ANSWER
Relief rainfall - ANSWER
Frontal rainfall - ANSWER
involved in hydrological cycle each year
Closed system - ANSWER Transfer of energy but no matter between the system
and its surroundings
Open system - ANSWER Receives inputs from and transfers outputs of energy and
matter to other systems
Oceans water store - ANSWER 96.9%
Continents water store - ANSWER 3.02% (Groundwater 1.1%, River/Lake 0.1%,
Soil moisture 0.01%, Atmosphere moisture 0.001%, Biological 0.0001%)
Fluxes - ANSWER Martime to Continental Atmosphere 40 (10(3)km3)
Continental Atmos. to Continents 113 (reverse 73)
Continents to Oceans 40
Oceans to Maritime Atmos. 413 (reverse 373)
Fossil water - ANSWER Water contained in an undisturbed space for longer than
1,000 years
Blue water - ANSWER Water in its liquid form (Rivers)
Green water - ANSWER Water evaporated from soil and plants
Grey water - ANSWER Relatively clean water waste from baths, sinks and kitchen
appliances
Ogallala Aquifer USA - ANSWER Used for agriculture in Midwest, declined 300ft in
some areas since 1940s, would take 6,000 years to replenish
Water budget equation - ANSWER Precipitation (Input) = Channel discharge +
evapotranspiration (Output) +/- changes in storage
Drainage Basin - ANSWER Area drained by a river and its tributaries, separated by
high land called watershed (open system)
Interception - ANSWER Water impeded by vegetation, varies due to temperature,
leaf type, age and density
, Infiltration - ANSWER Rate water enters pores in the soil (mm/hour) - changes due
to saturation levels
Overland flow - ANSWER Water moving across the surface
Saturated overland flow - ANSWER Rainwater forced to run off the surface when
maximum soil saturation is reached
Infiltration-excess overland flow - ANSWER When rainfall intensity is higher than
infiltration capacity, causing the additional water to run over the surface
Groundwater flow - ANSWER Slow movement of percolated water through rocks to
a river
Percolation - ANSWER Water moving vertically downwards through rocks
Evapotranspiration - ANSWER Total amount of water removed from a drainage
basin from liquid water to gas and water in the soil taken through plants that is e from
the stomata
Channel runoff - ANSWER Total water output from the catchment at river mouth
Human disruption to interception - ANSWER Varied crops, deforestation,
urbanisation
Human disruption to infiltration - ANSWER Trampling, urbanisation, deforestation,
ploughing
Human disruption to channel runoff - ANSWER River extraction reducing flow
(Colorado River)
Human disruption to evapotranspiration - ANSWER Dams, global warming,
vegetation changes
London Aquifer - ANSWER Decline 65m 1845-1967
Water table rise became threat - 1998 increase in abstraction (70 million litres / day)
Convectional rainfall - ANSWER
Relief rainfall - ANSWER
Frontal rainfall - ANSWER
