NURS 502 PATHO FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% GRADED A+ 2025

NURS 502 PATHO FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% GRADED A+ 2025 The administration of a vaccine to an individual to reduce the risk for future infections is based on the principles of Innate immunity Passive immunity Adaptive Immunity Immunosuppression A macrophage can function as an antigen-presenting cell to process an antigen for the Lymphocyte Neutrophil Mast cell Basophil Selected genes function as tumor suppressors, of which an important one is p53. Malignant cells are often _________ in p53, and less likely to undergo ___________. Deficient; apoptosis Deficient; cell division Abundant; cell division Abundant; apoptosis A 54 year old man is being evaluated for a suspected infection. As part of his work-up, hematological blood work is obtained, including a differential on white blood cells. Which of the following results is (are) expected if this is an infectious cause? a-Leukocytosis b-Lymphopenia c-Increase in the number of immature granulocytes (neutrophils) Each of the above Both A and C above A laboratory work-up for a patient with drug-induced hemolytic anemia would be expected to show a(n) Increased reticulocyte count Leukocytosis Decreased reticulocyte count Leukopenia William is a 70 year old man is taking a low-dose aspirin daily to reduce his risk of a heart attack or stroke. He is at an increased risk for bleeding due to effects on Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors Fibrinogen Platelets Thrombin William is a 70 year old man is taking a low-dose aspirin daily to reduce his risk of a heart attack or stroke. He was recently prescribed celecoxib, a COX-2 selective NSAID, for an acute injury to his shoulder suffered while playing tennis. Based on the theory as to why COX-2 selective NSAIDs increase the risk for thrombotic events, William is at risk because celecoxib exhibits A. a lack of inhibition of thromboxane in platelets, while inhibiting prostacyclin in vascular smooth muscle. B. a preferential action in platelets that increases the concentration of thromboxane, increasing the risk for bleeding. C. characteristics that create a proinflammatory state based on the inhibition of prostaglandins. D. Minimal anti-inflammatory activity due to a lack of effect on the COX-1 enzyme. A 32 year old man has been experiencing asthma symptoms for the past week, including cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath. A peak flow is measured and reported at 290 (60% of his expected result). He is treated with albuterol, which is a β-2 receptor agonist (stimulates the beta receptors resulting in relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle). Based on your understanding of the pathophysiological features of asthma, which of the following would you predict? A. The peak flow result should increase as airflow obstruction is reduced. B. The peak flow result should decrease as a result of increased mucus production. C. The peak flow is not expected to change because albuterol's effect is not specific for airflow obstruction. D. The peak flow result should increase because of an expected increase in heart rate. Which of the following features usually predicts the need to use chemotherapy (as opposed to surgery) to treat a malignancy? A. Local, aggressive invasion of tissue B. Metastasis C. Age of patient D. Co-morbidities Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding acute leukemias? A. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric leukemia. B. Acute leukemias are associated with a higher percentage of immature lymphocytes compared to chronic leukemias. C. Neutropenia or anemia is not commonly seen in patients with acute leukemias. D. Each of the above is true E. Only A and B above is true Which of the following statements is (are) true about chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)? A. Characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia Chromosome. B. Most commonly affects elderly adults in their 70s. C. Generally requires aggressive treatment to improve survival. D. Each of the above. E. Both A and C above Which of the following statements is (are) true when comparing Hodgkin lymphomas to non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL)? A. NHL is more common that Hodgkin lymphoma. B. NHL tends to spread more aggressively to distant organs, while Hodgkin lymphoma demonstrates a more orderly spread to contiguous lymph nodes. C. The prognosis is better for Hodgkin patients compared to non-Hodgkin patients. D. Each of the above. E. None of the above. Females are at greater risk for rheumatoid arthritis while systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is predominately a disease of males. A. True B. False Based on the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases, a general approach to treatment is to A. Stimulate the natural immune response B. Suppress the natural immune response C. Treat symptomatically to reduce the discomfort caused by ongoing disease D. Eradicate the infectious causes known to trigger these conditions E. Both B and D above Which of the following statements is (are) true about Graves' disease? A. Predominately a disease of males B. Signs and symptoms are related to increased thyroid hormone activity C. Features include a decrease in the circulating levels of natural thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) D. Each of the above E. Both B and C above Ella Mae is an 80 year old woman who is brought to the clinic by her family because she has been complaining of weakness for the last month. Her family reports that it has been difficult to get her to eat for the past six months. She is a frail-appearing female who appears to be in distress. She is pale and mildly hypotensive. Her work-up includes hematology which reveals a hemoglobin of 9.1 g/dL (normal 12-16) and a hematocrit of 28% (normal 36-46). There is no evidence of acute blood loss and she is suspected to have an iron-deficiency anemia. If that is the case, which of the following features would be consistent with this cause? A. Normal or low reticulocyte count B. Hypochromic, microcytic cells C. Increased serum ferritin D. Each of the above E. Both A and B above A patient with renal failure exhibits an anemia that likely would be most responsive to treatment with A. Iron B. Erythropoietin C. Vitamin B12 D. Corticosteroids (prednisone) An elderly female is found to have anemia in which the cells are macrocytic in appearance. Further workup is warranted; however, this anemia may be due to A. Iron deficiency B. Acute blood loss C. Vitamin B12 deficiency D. Bone marrow suppression During worsening acute asthma symptoms, a 29 year old female has been using her albuterol inhaler (a beta-2 agonist that stimulates receptors on bronchial smooth muscle) every 2 hours; however, she is continuing to get worse and goes to the emergency department. Based on your knowledge about the pathophysiology of asthma, which of the following would explain her lack of response? A. The beta agonist therapy actually worsened bronchoconstriction and exacerbated her symptoms B. Her therapy did not address the inflammatory response that was occurring within the airway mucosa C. Once an inflammatory response is initiated, it is impossible to stop it until the immune system can eliminate the cause D. Her oxygen level was too low which inhibited the strength of her inhalation, so the treatment was not working Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding the inflammatory response? A. Represents an innate immune response to an exposure that the immune system considers as foreign B. Is non-selective and nonspecific which increases the risk of benign elements beging affected C. Generally ends when the threat from the foreign substance is eliminated or neutralized D. Each of the above E. Only A and B above A physician prescribes supplemental oxygen therapy (using nasal cannula) to a patient with severe COPD in order to reduce the risk of worsening pulmonary hypertension. The rationale for this therapy is that supplemental oxygen will A. Reduce mucus production that can plug small bronchioles. B. Minimize the vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation that occurs in response to chronic hypoxia. C. Directly promote bronchodilation through stimulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors. D. Increase the contractility of the right ventricle to improved flow through the pulmonary circulation. The pathogenesis of COPD is related to damage from inhaled noxious gases, such as hydrocarbons from burning tobacco, that A. Increases blood flow to damaged areas of the lung and perpetuates damage from the inflammatory response. B. Disrupts the balance between aggressive and protective factors in the lungs that are part of the normal immune response. C. Reduces the normal mucus production that provides protection of mucous membrane surfaces in the airway. D. Decreases lung tissue compliance and resting lung volumes and results in underexpansion of alveoli. A 35 year old woman is undergoing evaluation for primary pulmonary hypertension after experiencing two episodes of exertional syncope. After the presence of right ventricular hypertrophy, which organ would most likely exhibit signs of the effects of this disease? A. Pancreas B. Kidney C. Bowel D. Liver A 28 year old man presents to the emergency room with complaints of cough, fever, and shaking chills. He reports that he was in his usual state of health until two days ago when these symptoms began, and they have gotten progressively worse. Further work-up reveals pneumonia. He was previously healthy and living at home. He does endorse a drinking binge last weekend where he awoke on his kitchen floor. At that time, he experienced heartburn and took a proton-pump inhibitor which relieved his symptoms. He is diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. Which of the statements is true about his risk for this condition? A. The drinking binge could have altered his upper airway defenses resulting in microaspiration of bacteria. B. A proton-pump inhibitor would increase his gastric pH and reduce bacterial suppression. C. Fever is an inappropriate response which inhibits the immune system's ability to protect against infection. D. Each of the above. E. Both A and B above. A 44 year old man is going to prison and undergoes a physical examination, including a tuberculin skin test. The skin test is reported positive at 11 mm; he is asymptomatic and his chest radiograph is unremarkable. He is diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infection. Which of the following statements is (are) true about this condition? A. He should be isolated from other people because he is an infectious risk. B. His skin test reveals that he has lifelong immunity against developing active clinical disease. C. His risk of developing active clinical disease is 10% or greater, depending on risk factors. D. Both A and B above. E. Both A and C above. Which of the following statements is (are) accurate regarding cells and mediators involved in the inflammatory response? A. Each component of the inflammatory response has a distinct and unique purpose that cannot be performed by other elements. B. The components of the inflammatory response exhibit redundant and complementary actions that result in the associated signs and symptoms. C. Chemotaxis is a process of signaling which continues to attract mediators to the site of inflammation until the perceived threat is eliminated or neutralized. D. Both A and C above. E. Both B and C above. Which of the following cells functions in a central role to direct further differentiation associated with the adaptive immune response? A. B lymphocytes B. Mature Neutrophils C. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes D. T Helper lymphocytes A 32 year old pregnant woman is complaining of dysuria (painful urination) and a low grade fever. A urinalysis reveals numerous white blood cells (WBCs), bacteria, and is positive for leukocyte esterase. She is diagnosed with an urinary tract infection (UTI). Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding this condition? A. The signs and symptoms present in this patient represent an appropriate inflammatory response to her infection. B. The leukocyte esterase test reflects activity of white blood cells against the bacteria that is present. C. These signs and symptoms will likely continue until the perceived risk is eliminated or neutralized. D. Each of the above. A 69 year old man with features of COPD that are characteristic of emphysema exhibits signs of airflow obstruction and symptoms of dyspnea because of A. a loss of elastic recoil B. an increased in the FEV1/FVC ratio C. decreased lung compliance D. increased ventilatory drive A patient who is newly diagnosed with an untreated HIV infection would be expected to exhibit... A. a high CD4 lymphocyte count and undetectable viral RNA. B. a low CD4 lymphocyte count and increased viral RNA. C. polycythemia (high RBC) and leukocytosis (high WBC). D. signs of increased immunologic response (generalized inflammation and fever). A patient recently diagnosed with HIV infection who is started on antiretroviral therapy is at risk for A. Rapidly declining T lymphocyte counts due to cell death B. Further immunosuppression due to a paradoxical response to treatment C. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and exacerbation of opportunistic infections D. Aplastic anemia characterized by a drop in all components from the bone marrow (RBC, WBC, and platelets) The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a RNA virus that must undergo A. Mutation to a DNA virus B. Reverse transcription C. B cell activation D. Processing by proinflammatory cytokines The natural course of untreated COPD leads to respiratory failure that is characterized by A. Decreases in the hemoglobin concentration in the blood B. Increases in the pCO2 (carbon dioxide gas) in the blood C. Increases in serum iron levels in the blood D. Decreases in the pCO2 (carbon dioxide gas) in the blood E. Both A and D above Which of the following characteristics is true regarding Type IV Hypersensitivity Reactions (HSR)? A. occurs within minutes to an hour B. limited to skin reactions only C. requires T cell activation D. requires antibody production DW is a 30 year old female brought to the emergency room after being stung by several wasps while tree climbing. She has signs and symptoms associated with anaphylaxis. She was treated with epinephrine and an antihistamine and with control of her symptoms. However, 8 hours after the initial presentation she began to have symptoms again. What would be responsible for this late effect? A. IgG antibody production B. Mast cell activation C. Basophil activation D. Eosinophil activation With anaphylaxis, in addition to respiratory distress, what other signs/symptoms could you typically observe? A. Hypotension, laryngeal edema, itching B. Hypotension, rash, anemia C. Hypotension, nausea, seizures D. Hypotension, urticaria, blurred vision JR is a 59 year old male who has a history of hyperthyroidism, psychosis and schizophrenia. He is on multiple medications. He was placed on methimazole within the past several months for his thyroid condition. He routinely gets blood work done every month. This last time, all his electrolytes, liver and renal function tests are normal. However his blood work showed agranulocytosis (0 white blood cells). Methimazole could be the potential cause of this immune mediated reaction. If so, what would be the most likely mechanism? A. Drug (or metabolite) binds to white blood cells and antibodies are produced against drug-blood cells B. Drug (or metabolite) binds to cytokines and attacks white blood cells C. Drug (or metabolite) binds to macrophages and attacks white blood cells D. Drug (or metabolite) binds to endothelial cells of blood vessels and white blood cells are removed from the circulation AT is a 27 year-old African American male (Ht 5'10", Wt 165 lbs) who has persistent blood pressure (BP) readings 150-155/90-95, which is considered hypertensive. He follows a strict low sodium diet (less than 2 g sodium/day) and the DASH diet (high in fruits/vegetables and reduced total/saturat