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APHON Principles of Chemo and Biotherapy Questions
with Detailed Verified Answers
Biotherapy Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Targeted anticancer agents also known as biological response modifiers
(BRM)
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are what class Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Biotherapy
Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) are what class Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Biotherapy
Define pharmacokinetics Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Study of drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion
Define pharmacodynamics Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ The concentration of the drug in the body and how it
produces a response
Define adjuvant chemotherapy Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ The use of chemo after another type of therapy, such
as surgery, to treat residual disease or undetectable metastasis.
Define neoadjuvant chemotherapy Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ When chemo is used preoperatively to decrease
tumor burden in order to make it easier to remove the tumor surgically.
Define sanctuary sites Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Sites within the body where tumor cells sequester and are not
easily reached by chemo such as the CNS
What normal cells are most often effected by chemotherapy Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Hematopoietic, mucosal
(mouth & GI), hair follicles
Why use chemotherapy Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ To prevent cancer cells from dividing, metastasizing, and
ultimately causing the death of the patient
Cure Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ To permanently eradicate the cancer
Control Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ To extend the length & QOL when cure is not feasible or realistic
Palliation Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Minimize pain and suffering during end of life
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Resting phase of cell cycle Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Gap 0 - cells not dividing
Postmitotic phase Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Gap 1 - enzymes needed for DNA synthesis are produced, protein
and RNA synthesis takes place (18 Hours)
Synthesis (S) Phase Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Cellular DNA duplicated (20 hours)
Premitotic phase Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Gap 2 - both protein and RNA synthesis occur, precursors of mitotic
spindle are produced. Shortest phase
Mitosis (M) Phase Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Cell division occurs in 4-step phase (prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase) 1 Hour
5 stages of reproduction of cells Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Resting, Postmitotic, synthesis, premitotic, mitosis
Cell Cycle time Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ The amount of time it takes a cell to move from one mitotic episode to
another.
Cell-cycle-specific agents Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Those drugs that work only when cells are in a specific phase
of the cell cycle.
Doubling time Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ The time required for a tumor mass to reach a certain size or double in
size.
Growth fraction Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Percentage of cells actively dividing at any given point in time.
Tumor burden Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Size of the tumor as determined by the number of cells present.
A higher growth fraction Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Results in a higher cell kill with exposure to cell cycle specific
agents.
The higher the tumor cell burden Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ The greater the probability of the development of
drug resistance
Gompertzian function Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ As the tumor burden increases, the rate of growth slows or
levels off.
6 essential alterations in normal cell physiology that dictate malignant growth Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ 1. Self-
sufficiency in growth signals 2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals 3. Avoidance of apoptosis 4.
Limitless replication potential 5. Sustained antiangiogenesis 6. Tissue invasion and metastasis
© Get it right 2025 Getaway - Stuvia US All rights reserved
APHON Principles of Chemo and Biotherapy Questions
with Detailed Verified Answers
Biotherapy Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Targeted anticancer agents also known as biological response modifiers
(BRM)
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are what class Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Biotherapy
Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) are what class Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Biotherapy
Define pharmacokinetics Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Study of drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion
Define pharmacodynamics Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ The concentration of the drug in the body and how it
produces a response
Define adjuvant chemotherapy Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ The use of chemo after another type of therapy, such
as surgery, to treat residual disease or undetectable metastasis.
Define neoadjuvant chemotherapy Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ When chemo is used preoperatively to decrease
tumor burden in order to make it easier to remove the tumor surgically.
Define sanctuary sites Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Sites within the body where tumor cells sequester and are not
easily reached by chemo such as the CNS
What normal cells are most often effected by chemotherapy Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Hematopoietic, mucosal
(mouth & GI), hair follicles
Why use chemotherapy Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ To prevent cancer cells from dividing, metastasizing, and
ultimately causing the death of the patient
Cure Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ To permanently eradicate the cancer
Control Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ To extend the length & QOL when cure is not feasible or realistic
Palliation Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Minimize pain and suffering during end of life
© Get it right 2025 Getaway - Stuvia US All rights reserved
, Click here for more: Scholars nexus
Resting phase of cell cycle Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Gap 0 - cells not dividing
Postmitotic phase Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Gap 1 - enzymes needed for DNA synthesis are produced, protein
and RNA synthesis takes place (18 Hours)
Synthesis (S) Phase Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Cellular DNA duplicated (20 hours)
Premitotic phase Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Gap 2 - both protein and RNA synthesis occur, precursors of mitotic
spindle are produced. Shortest phase
Mitosis (M) Phase Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Cell division occurs in 4-step phase (prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase) 1 Hour
5 stages of reproduction of cells Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Resting, Postmitotic, synthesis, premitotic, mitosis
Cell Cycle time Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ The amount of time it takes a cell to move from one mitotic episode to
another.
Cell-cycle-specific agents Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Those drugs that work only when cells are in a specific phase
of the cell cycle.
Doubling time Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ The time required for a tumor mass to reach a certain size or double in
size.
Growth fraction Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Percentage of cells actively dividing at any given point in time.
Tumor burden Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Size of the tumor as determined by the number of cells present.
A higher growth fraction Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ Results in a higher cell kill with exposure to cell cycle specific
agents.
The higher the tumor cell burden Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ The greater the probability of the development of
drug resistance
Gompertzian function Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ As the tumor burden increases, the rate of growth slows or
levels off.
6 essential alterations in normal cell physiology that dictate malignant growth Ans: ✓ ✓ ✓ 1. Self-
sufficiency in growth signals 2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals 3. Avoidance of apoptosis 4.
Limitless replication potential 5. Sustained antiangiogenesis 6. Tissue invasion and metastasis
© Get it right 2025 Getaway - Stuvia US All rights reserved
