ANAT 100 TEST PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTION RATED A+
✔✔describe the mechanical events of the heart (when) - ✔✔signal in atrial walls= atria
contract
signal in purkinje fibers= ventricles contract
✔✔what is systole - ✔✔contraction of a chamber
✔✔what is diastole - ✔✔relaxation of a chamber
✔✔explain what happens BETEEWN heartbeats - ✔✔- all 4 chambers relaxed
- semi-lunar valves closed (preventing backflow)
-AV valves open
- bld passively flowing thru atria (70% moves into ventricles)
✔✔explain what happens DURING heartbeats - ✔✔- 1st depolarization; atria contract
- atrial bld (last 30%) enters ventricles; triggers atrial walls to contract
- depol. spreads to purkinje fibers
- atria relax, ventricles contract (simultaneously)
- AV valves close (lubb); SLV open---> first heart sound
- blood enters aorta and pulmonary trunk
- ventricles relax
-SLV close (dup); AV valve open---> second heart sound
(cycle begins again)
✔✔what are heart sounds causes by (lubb? dup?) - ✔✔caused by blood flow turbulence
due to the closing of valves
-lubb= closing AV valves
-dup= closing SL valves
✔✔what type of blood vessels carry blood AWAY from the heart - ✔✔arteries
✔✔what type of blood vessels are thin enough to allow for gas exchange -
✔✔capillaries
✔✔what type of blood vessels RETURN blood back to heart - ✔✔veins
✔✔what type of blood vessels merge to form veins - ✔✔venules
✔✔ARTERIES: what is the tunica interna (intima) and what does it consist of - ✔✔-
intimate layer of arteries; closest part of wall to bld vessel
consists of:
- simple squamous epithelium (endothelium; inner lining)
, - basement membrane ("yellow part")
- internal elastic lamina ("swiss cheese")
✔✔ARTERIES: what is the tunica media and what does it consist of - ✔✔- middle later
of artery wall
consists of:
- circular smooth muscle (automated muscle to allow for vasoconstriction/dialtion)
- elastic fibers (external elastic lamina; still part of media)
✔✔ARTERIES: what is the tunica externa (adventitia) and what does it consist of - ✔✔-
outer layer of artery wall
consists of:
-elastic & collagen (mostly) fibers
✔✔name the types of arteries (3) largest to smallest - ✔✔elastic arteries, muscular
arteries, arterioles
✔✔describe what happens to elastic arteries during vent. systole and diastole - ✔✔-
they stretch during ventricular systole
- recoil on ventricular diastole; propelling blood
- aorta (elastic a.) propels bld into coronary aa.
✔✔describe the role of muscular arteries - ✔✔"distributing arteries"
- distribute blood to body; constrict and dilate to adjust flow
- more smooth muscle in tunica media then elastic aa.
✔✔describe the role of arterioles - ✔✔- deliver blood to capillaries
- vasoconstrict and vasodilate to regulate B.P and bld flow to capillaries
✔✔what do capillaries usually connect - ✔✔arterioles to venules
✔✔where are capillaries found and where are they most concentrated - ✔✔- found near
almost every cell in the body (except epithelium, cartilage, cornea and lens)
- most concentrated in tissues with high metabolic rate (muscles, liver, kidneys, brain)
*more resources require= more capillaries
✔✔what is the role of capillaries - ✔✔- site of exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes
btwn blood and interstitial fluid
✔✔what do capillaries consist of and how big are they - ✔✔- lumen (the hole, where
RBC flow through)
- endothelium (simple squamous epithelium; whole structure)
- basement membrane (outer most layer)
- only slightly larger in diameter than RBC
SOLUTION RATED A+
✔✔describe the mechanical events of the heart (when) - ✔✔signal in atrial walls= atria
contract
signal in purkinje fibers= ventricles contract
✔✔what is systole - ✔✔contraction of a chamber
✔✔what is diastole - ✔✔relaxation of a chamber
✔✔explain what happens BETEEWN heartbeats - ✔✔- all 4 chambers relaxed
- semi-lunar valves closed (preventing backflow)
-AV valves open
- bld passively flowing thru atria (70% moves into ventricles)
✔✔explain what happens DURING heartbeats - ✔✔- 1st depolarization; atria contract
- atrial bld (last 30%) enters ventricles; triggers atrial walls to contract
- depol. spreads to purkinje fibers
- atria relax, ventricles contract (simultaneously)
- AV valves close (lubb); SLV open---> first heart sound
- blood enters aorta and pulmonary trunk
- ventricles relax
-SLV close (dup); AV valve open---> second heart sound
(cycle begins again)
✔✔what are heart sounds causes by (lubb? dup?) - ✔✔caused by blood flow turbulence
due to the closing of valves
-lubb= closing AV valves
-dup= closing SL valves
✔✔what type of blood vessels carry blood AWAY from the heart - ✔✔arteries
✔✔what type of blood vessels are thin enough to allow for gas exchange -
✔✔capillaries
✔✔what type of blood vessels RETURN blood back to heart - ✔✔veins
✔✔what type of blood vessels merge to form veins - ✔✔venules
✔✔ARTERIES: what is the tunica interna (intima) and what does it consist of - ✔✔-
intimate layer of arteries; closest part of wall to bld vessel
consists of:
- simple squamous epithelium (endothelium; inner lining)
, - basement membrane ("yellow part")
- internal elastic lamina ("swiss cheese")
✔✔ARTERIES: what is the tunica media and what does it consist of - ✔✔- middle later
of artery wall
consists of:
- circular smooth muscle (automated muscle to allow for vasoconstriction/dialtion)
- elastic fibers (external elastic lamina; still part of media)
✔✔ARTERIES: what is the tunica externa (adventitia) and what does it consist of - ✔✔-
outer layer of artery wall
consists of:
-elastic & collagen (mostly) fibers
✔✔name the types of arteries (3) largest to smallest - ✔✔elastic arteries, muscular
arteries, arterioles
✔✔describe what happens to elastic arteries during vent. systole and diastole - ✔✔-
they stretch during ventricular systole
- recoil on ventricular diastole; propelling blood
- aorta (elastic a.) propels bld into coronary aa.
✔✔describe the role of muscular arteries - ✔✔"distributing arteries"
- distribute blood to body; constrict and dilate to adjust flow
- more smooth muscle in tunica media then elastic aa.
✔✔describe the role of arterioles - ✔✔- deliver blood to capillaries
- vasoconstrict and vasodilate to regulate B.P and bld flow to capillaries
✔✔what do capillaries usually connect - ✔✔arterioles to venules
✔✔where are capillaries found and where are they most concentrated - ✔✔- found near
almost every cell in the body (except epithelium, cartilage, cornea and lens)
- most concentrated in tissues with high metabolic rate (muscles, liver, kidneys, brain)
*more resources require= more capillaries
✔✔what is the role of capillaries - ✔✔- site of exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes
btwn blood and interstitial fluid
✔✔what do capillaries consist of and how big are they - ✔✔- lumen (the hole, where
RBC flow through)
- endothelium (simple squamous epithelium; whole structure)
- basement membrane (outer most layer)
- only slightly larger in diameter than RBC
