ANAT 100 EVALUATION EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTION RATED A+
✔✔DIVISIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE) - ✔✔1. Cervical - 7 vertebrae
2. Thoracic - 12 vertebrae
3. Lumbar - 5 vertebrae
4. Sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae
5. Coccyx - 4 fused vertebrae
✔✔vertebrae structure - ✔✔Although the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae all
differ from each other, they all have the same basic structure
✔✔Basic Features of vertebra - ✔✔1. Body (anterior)
2. Vertebral arch (posterior): extends into the spinous and transverse processes.
- Spinous process: extending posteriorly
- Transverse process: paired, extending laterally
3. Vertebral foramen (canal): houses the spinal cord. All the vertebral foramina stack
together to form the vertebral canal, which houses the spinal cord.
✔✔C1 - ✔✔There are two features of C1 that are important for articulation with other
bones:
- Anterior arch: provides surface for articulation with the dens (a feature of C2).
- Lateral masses: provide surfaces for articulation with the occipital condyles of the
occipital bone
✔✔C2 - ✔✔The main feature of C2 is the dens, which rests within the anterior arch of
C1
✔✔MOVEMENT OF C1 AND C2 - ✔✔The skull rests on top of the lateral masses of C1
via the occipital condyles. This joint allows for the 'yes' movement of the head.
Underneath C1, the dens of C2 articulates, or attaches, with the anterior arch of C1.
This allows for the 'no' movement of the head from side to side.
✔✔VERTEBRAL ARTICULATIONS - ✔✔Individual vertebrae articulate (or join) to stack
on top of one another. The vertebral articulations give rise to two structures that you
should be aware of.
✔✔Intervertebral Disc - ✔✔think of this structure as a "jelly filled donut" located between
two vertebrae. It acts as a shock absorber.
✔✔Intervertebral Foramina - ✔✔These are lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae
that allow for the passage of spinal nerves
, ✔✔cartilage found between the intervertebral discs - ✔✔Fibrocartilage- fibrocartilage is
tough andinflexible, which is necessary to resist compression on the spine
✔✔The sacrum - ✔✔is a fusion of five vertebrae.
✔✔The coccyx - ✔✔is a fusion of three to fivevertebrae, although it's usually only four.
✔✔How many Ribs do both male and females have? - ✔✔12 pairs of ribs
✔✔True Ribs (Pairs 1-7): - ✔✔Each true rib articulates directly (individually) with the
sternum
✔✔False Ribs (Pairs 8-10): - ✔✔False ribs do not have a direct articulation with the
sternum; they join rib 7 toindirectly articulate with the sternum
✔✔Floating Ribs (Pairs 11-12): - ✔✔Floating ribs have no articulation with the sternum.
✔✔The sternum (breastbone) makes up the anterior portion of the thoracic cage.It
consists of three parts: - ✔✔- Manubrium: Articulation with rib 1
- Body: Articulates with ribs 2-7
- The xiphoid process
✔✔the thoracic cage is made up of the - ✔✔thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally,
and the sternum anteriorly
✔✔Explain why patients with Scoliosis often have breathing problems. - ✔✔The lateral
curvature places the thoracic vertebrae in an atypical position. This can cause abnormal
development and placement of the ribs and thoracic cavity. The abnormal form of the
thoracic cavity can compress the lungs, causing breathing problems in people with
scoliosis
✔✔The upper limb - ✔✔contains 30 bones, extending from the pectoral girdle to the
hand
✔✔PECTORAL GIRDLE - ✔✔Connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton and is
formed by the:
- Clavicle
- Scapula
✔✔CLAVICLE - ✔✔The clavicle is an S-shaped bone. It joins with the manubrium of the
sternum medially (proximally) andthe scapula laterally (distally)
✔✔SCAPULA - ✔✔The scapula is triangular in shape.
SOLUTION RATED A+
✔✔DIVISIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE) - ✔✔1. Cervical - 7 vertebrae
2. Thoracic - 12 vertebrae
3. Lumbar - 5 vertebrae
4. Sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae
5. Coccyx - 4 fused vertebrae
✔✔vertebrae structure - ✔✔Although the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae all
differ from each other, they all have the same basic structure
✔✔Basic Features of vertebra - ✔✔1. Body (anterior)
2. Vertebral arch (posterior): extends into the spinous and transverse processes.
- Spinous process: extending posteriorly
- Transverse process: paired, extending laterally
3. Vertebral foramen (canal): houses the spinal cord. All the vertebral foramina stack
together to form the vertebral canal, which houses the spinal cord.
✔✔C1 - ✔✔There are two features of C1 that are important for articulation with other
bones:
- Anterior arch: provides surface for articulation with the dens (a feature of C2).
- Lateral masses: provide surfaces for articulation with the occipital condyles of the
occipital bone
✔✔C2 - ✔✔The main feature of C2 is the dens, which rests within the anterior arch of
C1
✔✔MOVEMENT OF C1 AND C2 - ✔✔The skull rests on top of the lateral masses of C1
via the occipital condyles. This joint allows for the 'yes' movement of the head.
Underneath C1, the dens of C2 articulates, or attaches, with the anterior arch of C1.
This allows for the 'no' movement of the head from side to side.
✔✔VERTEBRAL ARTICULATIONS - ✔✔Individual vertebrae articulate (or join) to stack
on top of one another. The vertebral articulations give rise to two structures that you
should be aware of.
✔✔Intervertebral Disc - ✔✔think of this structure as a "jelly filled donut" located between
two vertebrae. It acts as a shock absorber.
✔✔Intervertebral Foramina - ✔✔These are lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae
that allow for the passage of spinal nerves
, ✔✔cartilage found between the intervertebral discs - ✔✔Fibrocartilage- fibrocartilage is
tough andinflexible, which is necessary to resist compression on the spine
✔✔The sacrum - ✔✔is a fusion of five vertebrae.
✔✔The coccyx - ✔✔is a fusion of three to fivevertebrae, although it's usually only four.
✔✔How many Ribs do both male and females have? - ✔✔12 pairs of ribs
✔✔True Ribs (Pairs 1-7): - ✔✔Each true rib articulates directly (individually) with the
sternum
✔✔False Ribs (Pairs 8-10): - ✔✔False ribs do not have a direct articulation with the
sternum; they join rib 7 toindirectly articulate with the sternum
✔✔Floating Ribs (Pairs 11-12): - ✔✔Floating ribs have no articulation with the sternum.
✔✔The sternum (breastbone) makes up the anterior portion of the thoracic cage.It
consists of three parts: - ✔✔- Manubrium: Articulation with rib 1
- Body: Articulates with ribs 2-7
- The xiphoid process
✔✔the thoracic cage is made up of the - ✔✔thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally,
and the sternum anteriorly
✔✔Explain why patients with Scoliosis often have breathing problems. - ✔✔The lateral
curvature places the thoracic vertebrae in an atypical position. This can cause abnormal
development and placement of the ribs and thoracic cavity. The abnormal form of the
thoracic cavity can compress the lungs, causing breathing problems in people with
scoliosis
✔✔The upper limb - ✔✔contains 30 bones, extending from the pectoral girdle to the
hand
✔✔PECTORAL GIRDLE - ✔✔Connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton and is
formed by the:
- Clavicle
- Scapula
✔✔CLAVICLE - ✔✔The clavicle is an S-shaped bone. It joins with the manubrium of the
sternum medially (proximally) andthe scapula laterally (distally)
✔✔SCAPULA - ✔✔The scapula is triangular in shape.
