407 Final Exam Study Guide
Musculoskeletal/S kin Infections and
Communicable Diseases/ Burns
(5-10 questions with be med math)
Exam 1 content ( ~ 10-20 questions)
Exam II Content (~ 10-20 Questions)
Week 7 Content ( 10-20 Questions)
Week 8 (~10-15 questions)
Musculoskeletal
(Review all PowerPoint material as well)
● Key Terms: periosteum, epiphyseal plate, luxation, subluxation, kyphosis, lordosis
○ Periosteum: the dense layer of connective tissue enveloping the bones except at
the surface of the joints
○ Epiphyseal plate: (growth plate) the flat bony structure located between the
epiphysis (end of the bone) and the metaphysis (the neck portion) of the long
bones; it’s the main site of where bones add length, once it fuses (puberty
age-ish) its growth is complete
○ Luxation: dislocation of a joint
○ Subluxation: a partial dislocation of a joint
○ Kyphosis: the lateral convex angulation in the curvature of the thoracic spine
○ Lordosis: the lateral inward curve of the cervical or lumbar curvature
● Labs to review: CRP, ESR, Calcium, and Phosphorus
○ CRP (C-reactive protein)
■ High levels indicate inflammation somewhere in the body
■ 0.3 - 1.0 mg/dL
○ ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
■ High levels indicate inflammation somewhere in the body
■ <20 mm/hr
○ Calcium
■ Measures calcium in the blood, typically used to monitor bone diseases,
parathyroid gland, or kidney diseases
, ■ 8.5-10.2 mg/dL
○ Phosphorus
■ High levels are typically caused by kidney disease/failure, liver diseases,
or bone diseases
■ 4.5-6.5 mg/dL
● Common Interventions:
○ Ice vs. Heat Applications
■ The RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) is vital early on for
soft-tissue injuries
■ Ice should not be applied for more than 30 minutes at a time
■ Heat-producing preparation before examination is not recommended; the
heat in the enclosed space of injury can cause extreme discomfort and
even tissue damage (if the injury requires casting or splinting)
■ Just don’t use heat on already inflamed injuries
○ Casting
■ Overall care
● Kids need to learn to pick it up with the palm of their hand so it
doesn’t dry tight and use a pillow to set it down
● Circulation is #1 priority (neurovascular status): teach the parents
how to test cap refill because compartment syndrome can occur
● Managing the edema is #2 priority (elevation can reduce swelling)
● Hygiene: don’t put anything in there to scratch it
● They have to come back for a new cast post-swelling
● Infection presents as hot spots under the cast
● Petaling is using moleskin tape to wrap on the edges of the cast
so they prevent skin breakdown and maintain skin integrity
■ Plaster of paris
● Heavy, not water resistant, and takes 10-72 hours to dry
● Cheaper (and easier to write Sharpies on)
■ Synthetic fiberglass
● Light, water resistant, and dries in 5-32 minutes
● More expensive
○ Traction
■ Traction is for those who need surgery and in the meantime need
alignment so it can reduce muscle spasms and therefore pain
■ Manual traction: applied to the body part by the hand placed distal to the
fracture site. Manual traction may be provided during application of a cast
but more commonly when a closed reduction is performed, appropriate for
fractures
■ Skin traction: applied directly to the skin surface and indirectly to the
skeletal structures. The pulling mechanism is attached to the skin with
adhesive material or an elastic bandage. Both types are applied over soft,
foam-backed traction straps to distribute the traction pull
Musculoskeletal/S kin Infections and
Communicable Diseases/ Burns
(5-10 questions with be med math)
Exam 1 content ( ~ 10-20 questions)
Exam II Content (~ 10-20 Questions)
Week 7 Content ( 10-20 Questions)
Week 8 (~10-15 questions)
Musculoskeletal
(Review all PowerPoint material as well)
● Key Terms: periosteum, epiphyseal plate, luxation, subluxation, kyphosis, lordosis
○ Periosteum: the dense layer of connective tissue enveloping the bones except at
the surface of the joints
○ Epiphyseal plate: (growth plate) the flat bony structure located between the
epiphysis (end of the bone) and the metaphysis (the neck portion) of the long
bones; it’s the main site of where bones add length, once it fuses (puberty
age-ish) its growth is complete
○ Luxation: dislocation of a joint
○ Subluxation: a partial dislocation of a joint
○ Kyphosis: the lateral convex angulation in the curvature of the thoracic spine
○ Lordosis: the lateral inward curve of the cervical or lumbar curvature
● Labs to review: CRP, ESR, Calcium, and Phosphorus
○ CRP (C-reactive protein)
■ High levels indicate inflammation somewhere in the body
■ 0.3 - 1.0 mg/dL
○ ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
■ High levels indicate inflammation somewhere in the body
■ <20 mm/hr
○ Calcium
■ Measures calcium in the blood, typically used to monitor bone diseases,
parathyroid gland, or kidney diseases
, ■ 8.5-10.2 mg/dL
○ Phosphorus
■ High levels are typically caused by kidney disease/failure, liver diseases,
or bone diseases
■ 4.5-6.5 mg/dL
● Common Interventions:
○ Ice vs. Heat Applications
■ The RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) is vital early on for
soft-tissue injuries
■ Ice should not be applied for more than 30 minutes at a time
■ Heat-producing preparation before examination is not recommended; the
heat in the enclosed space of injury can cause extreme discomfort and
even tissue damage (if the injury requires casting or splinting)
■ Just don’t use heat on already inflamed injuries
○ Casting
■ Overall care
● Kids need to learn to pick it up with the palm of their hand so it
doesn’t dry tight and use a pillow to set it down
● Circulation is #1 priority (neurovascular status): teach the parents
how to test cap refill because compartment syndrome can occur
● Managing the edema is #2 priority (elevation can reduce swelling)
● Hygiene: don’t put anything in there to scratch it
● They have to come back for a new cast post-swelling
● Infection presents as hot spots under the cast
● Petaling is using moleskin tape to wrap on the edges of the cast
so they prevent skin breakdown and maintain skin integrity
■ Plaster of paris
● Heavy, not water resistant, and takes 10-72 hours to dry
● Cheaper (and easier to write Sharpies on)
■ Synthetic fiberglass
● Light, water resistant, and dries in 5-32 minutes
● More expensive
○ Traction
■ Traction is for those who need surgery and in the meantime need
alignment so it can reduce muscle spasms and therefore pain
■ Manual traction: applied to the body part by the hand placed distal to the
fracture site. Manual traction may be provided during application of a cast
but more commonly when a closed reduction is performed, appropriate for
fractures
■ Skin traction: applied directly to the skin surface and indirectly to the
skeletal structures. The pulling mechanism is attached to the skin with
adhesive material or an elastic bandage. Both types are applied over soft,
foam-backed traction straps to distribute the traction pull
