PUBH 6011 Final Examination 2025-
2026 Questions All Solved Correct
Graded A+.
Protein Synthesis - Answer DNA to mRNA via Transcription in the nucleus of the cell.
RNA to protein via translation in the ribosomes. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes in
the correct sequence
Mutagens - Answer pollutants in the environment that enter the body and directly change
your DNA sequence
Gene-gene interactions - Answer Pollutants that affect the functioning of one gene that
directly affect the functioning of another gene
Polymorphisms - Answer variation in DNA sequence between individuals. changes the
function of a protein. can be silent, good or bad
Point mutations - Answer chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene. will be passed
down. can be lethal
chromosomal aberrations - Answer changes to the overall organization of the genes on a
chromosome (downs-trisomy 21)
Epigenetics - Answer the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur
without a DNA change
missense mutation - Answer A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a
different amino acid.
nonsense mutation - Answer A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the
three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
insertion mutation - Answer a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a gene
, duplication mutation - Answer a mutation that involves duplication of a region of DNA on the
same strand
frameshift mutation - Answer mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message
by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
repeat expansion - Answer Nucleotide repeats are short DNA sequences that are repeated a
number of times in a row. For example, a trinucleotide repeat is made up of 3-base-pair
sequences, and a tetranucleotide repeat is made up of 4-base-pair sequences. A repeat
expansion is a mutation that increases the number of times that the short DNA sequence is
repeated. This type of mutation can cause the resulting protein to function improperly.
genotoxic carcinogens - Answer directly alter DNA and cause mutations
Non-genotoxic carcinogens - Answer Nonmutagenic
• Threshold effect, potentially
reversible
• Tumorigenicity is (usually)
dose-responsive
• Can be tumor promoters
• Tissue, species, sex
specificity
3 cancer types that cause the highest mortality in the US - Answer 1 lung and bronchus
2 colon
3 pancreatic
innate immunity - Answer Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth.
Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
adaptive immunity - Answer the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and
mount an attack on them
Antibody-Antigen Interactions - Answer The reactions are highly specific, and an antigen reacts
2026 Questions All Solved Correct
Graded A+.
Protein Synthesis - Answer DNA to mRNA via Transcription in the nucleus of the cell.
RNA to protein via translation in the ribosomes. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes in
the correct sequence
Mutagens - Answer pollutants in the environment that enter the body and directly change
your DNA sequence
Gene-gene interactions - Answer Pollutants that affect the functioning of one gene that
directly affect the functioning of another gene
Polymorphisms - Answer variation in DNA sequence between individuals. changes the
function of a protein. can be silent, good or bad
Point mutations - Answer chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene. will be passed
down. can be lethal
chromosomal aberrations - Answer changes to the overall organization of the genes on a
chromosome (downs-trisomy 21)
Epigenetics - Answer the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur
without a DNA change
missense mutation - Answer A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a
different amino acid.
nonsense mutation - Answer A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the
three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
insertion mutation - Answer a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a gene
, duplication mutation - Answer a mutation that involves duplication of a region of DNA on the
same strand
frameshift mutation - Answer mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message
by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
repeat expansion - Answer Nucleotide repeats are short DNA sequences that are repeated a
number of times in a row. For example, a trinucleotide repeat is made up of 3-base-pair
sequences, and a tetranucleotide repeat is made up of 4-base-pair sequences. A repeat
expansion is a mutation that increases the number of times that the short DNA sequence is
repeated. This type of mutation can cause the resulting protein to function improperly.
genotoxic carcinogens - Answer directly alter DNA and cause mutations
Non-genotoxic carcinogens - Answer Nonmutagenic
• Threshold effect, potentially
reversible
• Tumorigenicity is (usually)
dose-responsive
• Can be tumor promoters
• Tissue, species, sex
specificity
3 cancer types that cause the highest mortality in the US - Answer 1 lung and bronchus
2 colon
3 pancreatic
innate immunity - Answer Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth.
Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
adaptive immunity - Answer the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and
mount an attack on them
Antibody-Antigen Interactions - Answer The reactions are highly specific, and an antigen reacts
