BIO 204 Exam 1
1. archaea: prokaryotes that are distantly related to bacteria; extremophiles; do not cause disease
2. Bacteria: prokaryotes that are found in all types of environments; some cause disease
3. Eukaryotes: include protists (protozoa and algae) and fungi; some cause disease
4. Viruses: noncellular microbes; genetic material enclosed within a protein shell; require a host cell
5. prokaryotic cells: microbes that lack a nuclear membrane (bacteria and archaea)
6. eukaryotic cells: microbes have a distinct, membrane-enclosed nucleus (fungi, protozoa, and algae)
7. Primordial soup / early earth conditions: spontaneous reactions triggered by UV absorption or
electrical discharge
8. Extraterrestrial origin: microbes or chemical precursors may have come from space; meteorites contain
organic molecules required for life
9. Koch's Postulates: Established by Robert Koch, the scientific method of microbiology with "chain of infec-
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,tion" experiments
- the microbe must be present in all cases of the disease
- the microbe must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
- the cultured microbe must cause the disease when introduced into a healthy host
- the same microbe must be re-isolated from the newly diseased host
10. The importance of Koch's Postulates: they directly link a specific microbe to a specific disease
11. Normal microbiota: mutualistic relationship with human host; generally harmless or beneficial
12. pathogens: cause disease
13. disease: when the pathogen's growth disrupts normal body structure / function and causes symptoms
14. primary pathogen: cause disease in healthy hosts
15. opportunistic pathogen: causes disease only in compromised hosts
16. host range: the variety of animal hosts a microbe can infect
17. horizontal transmission: host to host
18. vertical transmission: mother to child
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, 19. direct transmission: touching, fluids
20. indirect transmission: doorknobs, food, vehicles
21. vector transmission: insects, animals
22. reservoir transmission: animal populations or environmental sources
23. portals of entry/exit: eye, skin, oral route, urogenital route, respiratory route, parenteral route
24. tools or methods used to study microbes: - light
- phase-contrast
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1. archaea: prokaryotes that are distantly related to bacteria; extremophiles; do not cause disease
2. Bacteria: prokaryotes that are found in all types of environments; some cause disease
3. Eukaryotes: include protists (protozoa and algae) and fungi; some cause disease
4. Viruses: noncellular microbes; genetic material enclosed within a protein shell; require a host cell
5. prokaryotic cells: microbes that lack a nuclear membrane (bacteria and archaea)
6. eukaryotic cells: microbes have a distinct, membrane-enclosed nucleus (fungi, protozoa, and algae)
7. Primordial soup / early earth conditions: spontaneous reactions triggered by UV absorption or
electrical discharge
8. Extraterrestrial origin: microbes or chemical precursors may have come from space; meteorites contain
organic molecules required for life
9. Koch's Postulates: Established by Robert Koch, the scientific method of microbiology with "chain of infec-
1/6
,tion" experiments
- the microbe must be present in all cases of the disease
- the microbe must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
- the cultured microbe must cause the disease when introduced into a healthy host
- the same microbe must be re-isolated from the newly diseased host
10. The importance of Koch's Postulates: they directly link a specific microbe to a specific disease
11. Normal microbiota: mutualistic relationship with human host; generally harmless or beneficial
12. pathogens: cause disease
13. disease: when the pathogen's growth disrupts normal body structure / function and causes symptoms
14. primary pathogen: cause disease in healthy hosts
15. opportunistic pathogen: causes disease only in compromised hosts
16. host range: the variety of animal hosts a microbe can infect
17. horizontal transmission: host to host
18. vertical transmission: mother to child
2/6
, 19. direct transmission: touching, fluids
20. indirect transmission: doorknobs, food, vehicles
21. vector transmission: insects, animals
22. reservoir transmission: animal populations or environmental sources
23. portals of entry/exit: eye, skin, oral route, urogenital route, respiratory route, parenteral route
24. tools or methods used to study microbes: - light
- phase-contrast
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