BIO 204 EXAM 2
1. Eukarya synapomorphies: Membrane bound nucleus, membrane bound organelles, linear DNA (not
circular)
2. Theory of Endosymbiosis: Aerobic and photosynthetic prokaryotes engulfed by large anaerobic eukary-
otes. These became mitochondria and chloroplasts (which have double membrane).
3. Evidence for Endosymbiosis: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membrane, have their own
circular DNA (no nucleus), Chloroplasts DNA is related to photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, Mitochondria DNA is related
to heterotrophic proteobacteria.
4. Eukarya Super groups: Excavata (includes Euglena), "SAR" clade (includes Paramecium, brown & gold
algae), Archaeplastida (includes plants, green & red algae), Unikonta (includes amoebas, fungi, and animals)
5. Protists: Group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes, Most nutritionally diverse of all eukaryotes: Photoautotrophs
(contain chloroplasts), Heterotrophs (absorb organic molecules, ingest larger food particles), Mixotrophs (combine
photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition)
6. Symbiotic Protists: Many protist symbionts benefit their hosts example:
Dinoflagellates nourish coral polyps that build reefs,
,hypermastigotes digest cellulose in the gut of termites. There are also parasitic protist symbionts such as plasmodium
causes malaria
7. Eukarya: Unicellular or multicellular organisms with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Unicellular
"protists" (paraphyletic), move using pseudopods (amoebas), flagella (flagellates), and cilia (ciliates)
8. "SAR" and red + green algae (Archaeplastida): Photosynthetic autotrophic, producers
9. Fungi (Unikonta): unicellular and multicellular absorptive nutrition (heterotroph, decomposers)
10. Animalia (Unikonta): multicellular, ingestive nutrition (heterotrophic, consumers)
11. Unikonta: supergroup that includes animals, fungi, and some protists. Two clades: Amoebozoa and
Opisthokonta
12. Fungi: Most are multicellular some unicellular, very diverse, saprobes, composed of heterotrophs; many obtain
energy and nutrients from dead organic matter (absorptive nutrition, decomposers), essential for the well being of
most land ecosystems
13. Absorptive nutrition: secrete digestive enzymes that break down food outside the body, then nutrients
are absorbed into cells.
14. Chitin: Polysaccharide carbohydrate found in fungi cell walls.
,15. Saprobes: absorb nutrients from dead organic matter
16. Importance of Fungi: -Decomposers of organic material including cellulose and lignin( both found in
plants)
, -Mutualistic symbionts: mycorrhizae
-Parasites/pathogens: cause some diseases
-Economically useful/important to people
17. Mychorrhizae: specialized mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi. Provide water and nutri-
ent absorption for plants, and plants provide fungi with carbohydrates.
18. Endophytes: fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm. makes toxins that deter
herbivores and defend against pathogens
19. Fungus Animal Mutualism: Some fungi share their digestive services with animals to help break down
plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals.
20. Hyphae: String like Filaments of fungi
21. Mycelium: Body of fungus = mass (many) of hyphae
22. Haustoria: specialized parasitic hyphae that invade living cells and secrete digestive enzymes
23. Fungus Sexual Reproduction: occurs through the fusion of two gametes
24. Fungus Asexual Reproduction: occurs without fusion of two gametes
1. Eukarya synapomorphies: Membrane bound nucleus, membrane bound organelles, linear DNA (not
circular)
2. Theory of Endosymbiosis: Aerobic and photosynthetic prokaryotes engulfed by large anaerobic eukary-
otes. These became mitochondria and chloroplasts (which have double membrane).
3. Evidence for Endosymbiosis: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membrane, have their own
circular DNA (no nucleus), Chloroplasts DNA is related to photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, Mitochondria DNA is related
to heterotrophic proteobacteria.
4. Eukarya Super groups: Excavata (includes Euglena), "SAR" clade (includes Paramecium, brown & gold
algae), Archaeplastida (includes plants, green & red algae), Unikonta (includes amoebas, fungi, and animals)
5. Protists: Group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes, Most nutritionally diverse of all eukaryotes: Photoautotrophs
(contain chloroplasts), Heterotrophs (absorb organic molecules, ingest larger food particles), Mixotrophs (combine
photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition)
6. Symbiotic Protists: Many protist symbionts benefit their hosts example:
Dinoflagellates nourish coral polyps that build reefs,
,hypermastigotes digest cellulose in the gut of termites. There are also parasitic protist symbionts such as plasmodium
causes malaria
7. Eukarya: Unicellular or multicellular organisms with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Unicellular
"protists" (paraphyletic), move using pseudopods (amoebas), flagella (flagellates), and cilia (ciliates)
8. "SAR" and red + green algae (Archaeplastida): Photosynthetic autotrophic, producers
9. Fungi (Unikonta): unicellular and multicellular absorptive nutrition (heterotroph, decomposers)
10. Animalia (Unikonta): multicellular, ingestive nutrition (heterotrophic, consumers)
11. Unikonta: supergroup that includes animals, fungi, and some protists. Two clades: Amoebozoa and
Opisthokonta
12. Fungi: Most are multicellular some unicellular, very diverse, saprobes, composed of heterotrophs; many obtain
energy and nutrients from dead organic matter (absorptive nutrition, decomposers), essential for the well being of
most land ecosystems
13. Absorptive nutrition: secrete digestive enzymes that break down food outside the body, then nutrients
are absorbed into cells.
14. Chitin: Polysaccharide carbohydrate found in fungi cell walls.
,15. Saprobes: absorb nutrients from dead organic matter
16. Importance of Fungi: -Decomposers of organic material including cellulose and lignin( both found in
plants)
, -Mutualistic symbionts: mycorrhizae
-Parasites/pathogens: cause some diseases
-Economically useful/important to people
17. Mychorrhizae: specialized mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi. Provide water and nutri-
ent absorption for plants, and plants provide fungi with carbohydrates.
18. Endophytes: fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm. makes toxins that deter
herbivores and defend against pathogens
19. Fungus Animal Mutualism: Some fungi share their digestive services with animals to help break down
plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals.
20. Hyphae: String like Filaments of fungi
21. Mycelium: Body of fungus = mass (many) of hyphae
22. Haustoria: specialized parasitic hyphae that invade living cells and secrete digestive enzymes
23. Fungus Sexual Reproduction: occurs through the fusion of two gametes
24. Fungus Asexual Reproduction: occurs without fusion of two gametes
