Bio 204 test 2
1. Importance of bacteria for and animal welfare:: Digestion, nutrients, immune system, protect
against infections, microbiome.
2. Symbiosis of prokaryotes:: Relationship between bacteria and archaea
3. Ecological roles of prokaryotes:: Decomposers, producers, recyclers, nitrogen fixing
4. Endotoxins:: -LPS, found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
-Toxic effects
5. Exotoxins:: -Poisonous proteins secreted by bacteria can happen in gram-positive/negative bacteria
-Active agents in diseases
6. What does it mean that Archaea are extremophiles?: most organisms belonging to the
domain Archaea are capable of living in extreme environments
7. Identify three synapomorphies of Eukarya:: - Membrane-bound nucleus
- Membrane bound organelles
- Linear DNA (not circular)
1/7
,8. Discuss the Theory of endosymbiosis and its evidence:: - Lynn Margulis: aerobic and
photosynthetic prokaryotes engulfed by large anaerobic prokaryotes, become mitochondria and chloroplasts
- Evidence: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have their own
circular DNA (no nucleus), chloroplast DNA is related to photosynthetic cyanobacteria and mitochondria DNA is related
to heterotrophic proteobacteria.
9. Identify members of 4 eukarya supergroups:: Excavata (euglena), "SAR" clade (paramecium,
browns dn gold algae), Archaeplastida (plants, green and red algae), Unikonta (amoebas, fungi, animals)
10. Do protists form a monophyletic group?: No
11. To which major eukaryotic clade do fungi belong?: Eukarya
12. What does it mean that fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes:: fungi are organisms
belonging to the eukaryote group (meaning they have complex cells with membrane-bound organelles) and obtain
their nutrition by consuming pre-existing organic matter from other organisms, rather than producing their own food
through photosynthesis like plants do
13. How do fungi gain nutrition?: They feed by absorptive nutrition (decomposers)
14. What substance contributes to the cell walls of fungi?: Chitin
2/7
, 15. What is a saprobe:: They live off dead or decaying organic material
16. Mycelia:: Mycelium is body of fungus (mass of hyphae)
17. Hyphae (septate vs coenocyte):: - Septate means divided
- Coenocyte means undivided
3/7
1. Importance of bacteria for and animal welfare:: Digestion, nutrients, immune system, protect
against infections, microbiome.
2. Symbiosis of prokaryotes:: Relationship between bacteria and archaea
3. Ecological roles of prokaryotes:: Decomposers, producers, recyclers, nitrogen fixing
4. Endotoxins:: -LPS, found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
-Toxic effects
5. Exotoxins:: -Poisonous proteins secreted by bacteria can happen in gram-positive/negative bacteria
-Active agents in diseases
6. What does it mean that Archaea are extremophiles?: most organisms belonging to the
domain Archaea are capable of living in extreme environments
7. Identify three synapomorphies of Eukarya:: - Membrane-bound nucleus
- Membrane bound organelles
- Linear DNA (not circular)
1/7
,8. Discuss the Theory of endosymbiosis and its evidence:: - Lynn Margulis: aerobic and
photosynthetic prokaryotes engulfed by large anaerobic prokaryotes, become mitochondria and chloroplasts
- Evidence: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have their own
circular DNA (no nucleus), chloroplast DNA is related to photosynthetic cyanobacteria and mitochondria DNA is related
to heterotrophic proteobacteria.
9. Identify members of 4 eukarya supergroups:: Excavata (euglena), "SAR" clade (paramecium,
browns dn gold algae), Archaeplastida (plants, green and red algae), Unikonta (amoebas, fungi, animals)
10. Do protists form a monophyletic group?: No
11. To which major eukaryotic clade do fungi belong?: Eukarya
12. What does it mean that fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes:: fungi are organisms
belonging to the eukaryote group (meaning they have complex cells with membrane-bound organelles) and obtain
their nutrition by consuming pre-existing organic matter from other organisms, rather than producing their own food
through photosynthesis like plants do
13. How do fungi gain nutrition?: They feed by absorptive nutrition (decomposers)
14. What substance contributes to the cell walls of fungi?: Chitin
2/7
, 15. What is a saprobe:: They live off dead or decaying organic material
16. Mycelia:: Mycelium is body of fungus (mass of hyphae)
17. Hyphae (septate vs coenocyte):: - Septate means divided
- Coenocyte means undivided
3/7
