Bio 204 Final Content
1. Epithelial Tissue: lining, secretion, adsorption
2. Connective Tissue: support, strength, elasticity
3. Muscle Tissue: movement
4. Nervous Tissue: sensory, communication
5. digestive: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
6. Respiratory: lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes
7. immune and lymphatic: bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels,
8. excretory: kidneys ureturs urinary bladder, urethra
9. endocrine: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas and other hormone secreting glands
10. integumentary: integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages acting to protect the body
from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside. The integumentary system includes
,*hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails.*
11. reproductive: ovaries and testes and associated organs
12. nervous: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
13. skeletal: skeleton (bones tendons ligaments cartilage)
14. muscular: skeletal muscles
15. signaling by hormones: stimulus to an endocrine cell that releases hormones which releases signals
everywhere then blood vessels then signal a response
16. signaling by neurons: stimulus to a cell body of a neuron then nerve impulse travels to a specific location
and the axons release a response
17. circadian rhythm: a set of physiological changes that occur over - 24 hours (variations in body temperature
and melatonin concentration)
18. Acclimatization: the gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment
19. Poikilotherms: have more variable body temp
,20. Vasodilation: widening of blood vessels near body surface
- In endotherms increased blood flow warms the skin and increases transfer of heat to environment
21. Vasoconstriction: shrinking of blood vessels near body surface
-Reduces blood flow & decreases transfer of heat to environment
22. countercurrent exchange: adjacent arteries and veins
- arteries extending into body extremities pump blood that heats cooler blood in veins (Canadian goose and bottle nose
dolphin)
23. What does pre-flight shivering warm up in flying insects: thorax
, 24. Endotherms reaction to body temp increasing: blood vessels in skin dilate and or sweat
25. endotherms reactions to body temp decreasing: shivering and or blood vessels in skin
constrict
26. Metabolic Rate: the sum of all energy used in a given amount of time
27. Metabolic Rate can be measured in several ways: Measuring rate of heat loss (in en-
dotherms)
Measuring oxygen consumption
Measuring carbon dioxide production
Measuring food consumption and waste production
28. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): Minimum MR of an endotherm
(at rest not growing, empty stomach, not stressed)
29. Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR): Minimum MR of an ectotherm at specific temp
(at rest not growing, empty stomach, not stressed)
30. surface area to volume is higher how does BMR compare: - higher BMR
31. Surface area to volume lower how does BMR compare: - lower BMR
1. Epithelial Tissue: lining, secretion, adsorption
2. Connective Tissue: support, strength, elasticity
3. Muscle Tissue: movement
4. Nervous Tissue: sensory, communication
5. digestive: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
6. Respiratory: lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes
7. immune and lymphatic: bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels,
8. excretory: kidneys ureturs urinary bladder, urethra
9. endocrine: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas and other hormone secreting glands
10. integumentary: integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages acting to protect the body
from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside. The integumentary system includes
,*hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails.*
11. reproductive: ovaries and testes and associated organs
12. nervous: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
13. skeletal: skeleton (bones tendons ligaments cartilage)
14. muscular: skeletal muscles
15. signaling by hormones: stimulus to an endocrine cell that releases hormones which releases signals
everywhere then blood vessels then signal a response
16. signaling by neurons: stimulus to a cell body of a neuron then nerve impulse travels to a specific location
and the axons release a response
17. circadian rhythm: a set of physiological changes that occur over - 24 hours (variations in body temperature
and melatonin concentration)
18. Acclimatization: the gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment
19. Poikilotherms: have more variable body temp
,20. Vasodilation: widening of blood vessels near body surface
- In endotherms increased blood flow warms the skin and increases transfer of heat to environment
21. Vasoconstriction: shrinking of blood vessels near body surface
-Reduces blood flow & decreases transfer of heat to environment
22. countercurrent exchange: adjacent arteries and veins
- arteries extending into body extremities pump blood that heats cooler blood in veins (Canadian goose and bottle nose
dolphin)
23. What does pre-flight shivering warm up in flying insects: thorax
, 24. Endotherms reaction to body temp increasing: blood vessels in skin dilate and or sweat
25. endotherms reactions to body temp decreasing: shivering and or blood vessels in skin
constrict
26. Metabolic Rate: the sum of all energy used in a given amount of time
27. Metabolic Rate can be measured in several ways: Measuring rate of heat loss (in en-
dotherms)
Measuring oxygen consumption
Measuring carbon dioxide production
Measuring food consumption and waste production
28. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): Minimum MR of an endotherm
(at rest not growing, empty stomach, not stressed)
29. Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR): Minimum MR of an ectotherm at specific temp
(at rest not growing, empty stomach, not stressed)
30. surface area to volume is higher how does BMR compare: - higher BMR
31. Surface area to volume lower how does BMR compare: - lower BMR
