Bio 204 Final Exam Vocabulary
1. Surface-Area to Volume Ratio: (SA/V) - surface area increases while total volume remains constant -
smaller things have a greater surface to volume ratio
2. Diffusion: passive molecular process where molecules diffuse over a surface until there are equal amounts on
either side
3. Osmosis: type of diffusion- water molecules move from an area of higher to lower free-water concentration
4. Epithelial Tissue: lining,secretion,absorption
5. Connective Tissue: support,strength, elasticity
6. Muscle Tissue: movement
7. Nervous Tissue: sensory, communication
8. Regulators: will remain constant in different environments (salt conc., temp, etc.)
9. Conformers: when in different environments their body reacts/changes (temp, salt conc., etc. increases of
decreases)
,10. Homeostasis: "steady state" constant internal environment even if external environment varies a lot - animals
can maintain this in different physical and chemical variables
11. Circadian Rhythms: - a set of physiological changes that occur over 24ish hours
12. Acclimatization: - the gradual process by which animals adjust to changes in the external environment
13. Endotherms: - maintain body temp through metabolic activity - can generally live in a wide range of
environmental temperatures
14. Ectotherms: - absorb external heat as source of body heat- generally require less food
15. Homeotherms: - have relatively constant body temperature
16. Poikilotherms: - have more variable body temperature
17. Radiation: - heat radiates from all objects (sun and lizard)
18. Conduction: - objects in direct contact with animals giving off heat
19. Convection: - transfer of heat by moving air or water
,20. Evaporation: - removal of heat from surface of a liquid (sweat)
21. Insulation: - is very important for reducing the flow of heat between animal and environment
22. Vasodilation: - widening of blood vessels near body surface (in endotherms increased blood flow warms the
skin and increases transfer of heat to environment)
23. Vasoconstriction: - shrinking of blood vessels near body surface (reduces blood flow and decreases
transfer of heat to environment)
24. Countercurrent Exchange: - (adjacent arteries and veins) arteries extending into body extremities
pump warm blood that heats cooler blood in veins
, 25. Thermogenesis: how endotherms produce heat often by muscle activity including shivering (ex. Flying
insects warm up wings before they fly by shivering, pythons warm up eggs by surrounding eggs and shivering)
26. Bioenergetics: - the flow and transformation of energy in an animal
27. Metabolic Rate: - the sum of all energy used in a given amount of time (heat loss, oxygen consumption,
carbon dioxide production, food/waste)
28. Basal Metabolic Rate: - (BMR) minimum MR of an endoderm (at rest, not growing, empty stomach, not
stressed)
29. Standard Metabolic Rate: - minimum MR of an ectotherm at specific temp (at rest, not growing, empty
stomach, not stressed)
30. Torpor: - Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity in an animal, usually by a reduced body temperature
and metabolic rate. Torpor enables animals to survive periods of reduced food availability
31. Hibernation: - Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression in endotherms. Hibernation refers
to a season of heterothermy characterized by low body temperature, slow breathing and heart rate, and low metabolic
rate. It is most commonly observed during the winter months.
1. Surface-Area to Volume Ratio: (SA/V) - surface area increases while total volume remains constant -
smaller things have a greater surface to volume ratio
2. Diffusion: passive molecular process where molecules diffuse over a surface until there are equal amounts on
either side
3. Osmosis: type of diffusion- water molecules move from an area of higher to lower free-water concentration
4. Epithelial Tissue: lining,secretion,absorption
5. Connective Tissue: support,strength, elasticity
6. Muscle Tissue: movement
7. Nervous Tissue: sensory, communication
8. Regulators: will remain constant in different environments (salt conc., temp, etc.)
9. Conformers: when in different environments their body reacts/changes (temp, salt conc., etc. increases of
decreases)
,10. Homeostasis: "steady state" constant internal environment even if external environment varies a lot - animals
can maintain this in different physical and chemical variables
11. Circadian Rhythms: - a set of physiological changes that occur over 24ish hours
12. Acclimatization: - the gradual process by which animals adjust to changes in the external environment
13. Endotherms: - maintain body temp through metabolic activity - can generally live in a wide range of
environmental temperatures
14. Ectotherms: - absorb external heat as source of body heat- generally require less food
15. Homeotherms: - have relatively constant body temperature
16. Poikilotherms: - have more variable body temperature
17. Radiation: - heat radiates from all objects (sun and lizard)
18. Conduction: - objects in direct contact with animals giving off heat
19. Convection: - transfer of heat by moving air or water
,20. Evaporation: - removal of heat from surface of a liquid (sweat)
21. Insulation: - is very important for reducing the flow of heat between animal and environment
22. Vasodilation: - widening of blood vessels near body surface (in endotherms increased blood flow warms the
skin and increases transfer of heat to environment)
23. Vasoconstriction: - shrinking of blood vessels near body surface (reduces blood flow and decreases
transfer of heat to environment)
24. Countercurrent Exchange: - (adjacent arteries and veins) arteries extending into body extremities
pump warm blood that heats cooler blood in veins
, 25. Thermogenesis: how endotherms produce heat often by muscle activity including shivering (ex. Flying
insects warm up wings before they fly by shivering, pythons warm up eggs by surrounding eggs and shivering)
26. Bioenergetics: - the flow and transformation of energy in an animal
27. Metabolic Rate: - the sum of all energy used in a given amount of time (heat loss, oxygen consumption,
carbon dioxide production, food/waste)
28. Basal Metabolic Rate: - (BMR) minimum MR of an endoderm (at rest, not growing, empty stomach, not
stressed)
29. Standard Metabolic Rate: - minimum MR of an ectotherm at specific temp (at rest, not growing, empty
stomach, not stressed)
30. Torpor: - Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity in an animal, usually by a reduced body temperature
and metabolic rate. Torpor enables animals to survive periods of reduced food availability
31. Hibernation: - Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression in endotherms. Hibernation refers
to a season of heterothermy characterized by low body temperature, slow breathing and heart rate, and low metabolic
rate. It is most commonly observed during the winter months.
