NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 2 (UTA) | Comprehensive Review
with Correct Answers 2025
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ✔✔✔ANSWER-can use urine,
saliva, or serum (most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see
antibodies, >99% accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Cellular bags of granules located in loose
connective tisssue close to blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory
process.
,Histamine - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Causes vasodilation, increases vascular
permeability, increases blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and
swelling.
Cytokines - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of
innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-
inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
Leukotrines - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong
the inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and
eosinophils.target of inhibition for singular.
Prostaglandins - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Released when mast cells degranulate, are
produced by the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at
site of injury, pain, and fever.
Chemotactic factors - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Biochemical substance that attracts
leukocyte to the site of inflammation
Neutrophils - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Predominant leukocyte at work during the early
stages of acute inflammation
Monocytes - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Become macrophages when entering the tissue,
responsible for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity
and B-cell immunity.
, Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Causes fever, activates phagocytes &
lymphocytes and also increases the release of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Stimulates production of acute phase
reactants and promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
Cytokine TNF function - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Causes fever, increases synthesis of
proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
Cytokine growth factor function - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Promotes production and
maturation of neutrophils
Complement - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation
and increased vascular permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis,
and opsonization.
Kinin - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain
and chemotaxis, and it increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
Coagulation cascade - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Factor XII activates kinin. Function is
to form fibrin mesh to stop bleeding and trap micro organisms.
Exam 2 (UTA) | Comprehensive Review
with Correct Answers 2025
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ✔✔✔ANSWER-can use urine,
saliva, or serum (most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see
antibodies, >99% accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Cellular bags of granules located in loose
connective tisssue close to blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory
process.
,Histamine - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Causes vasodilation, increases vascular
permeability, increases blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and
swelling.
Cytokines - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of
innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-
inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
Leukotrines - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong
the inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and
eosinophils.target of inhibition for singular.
Prostaglandins - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Released when mast cells degranulate, are
produced by the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at
site of injury, pain, and fever.
Chemotactic factors - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Biochemical substance that attracts
leukocyte to the site of inflammation
Neutrophils - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Predominant leukocyte at work during the early
stages of acute inflammation
Monocytes - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Become macrophages when entering the tissue,
responsible for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity
and B-cell immunity.
, Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Causes fever, activates phagocytes &
lymphocytes and also increases the release of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Stimulates production of acute phase
reactants and promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
Cytokine TNF function - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Causes fever, increases synthesis of
proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
Cytokine growth factor function - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Promotes production and
maturation of neutrophils
Complement - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation
and increased vascular permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis,
and opsonization.
Kinin - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain
and chemotaxis, and it increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
Coagulation cascade - ✔✔✔ANSWER-Factor XII activates kinin. Function is
to form fibrin mesh to stop bleeding and trap micro organisms.
