Fallacy of the converse - ANSWER If a then b
If b then a
Satisfying a necessary condition is not enough to say a sufficient condition follows
Fallacy of the inverse - ANSWER If a then b
If not a then not b
Denying a sufficient condition is not enough to conclude a necessary condition will not follow
Transitive Fallacy - ANSWER If a then b
If a then c
Thus
If b then c
No! all bs are not cs.. We just know some bs are cs
Absence of evidence Fallacy - ANSWER Common flaw in logical reasoning
characterization family
Argument assumes claim is disproven due to a lack of evidence in support of claim.
1. concludes claim is false because not proven true.
,2. concludes claim is true because not proven false.
"Takes for granted that the fact that a claim has not been demonstrated to be false establishes
that it is true"
3. defeating evidence for claim to show claim is false.
Attacking and discrediting the methodology of the study and then concluding the findings are
false. we dont know either way if findings false , just that the evidence support conclusion is
untrustworthy, thus we dont know if the findings are correct or false. They could be correct by
mistake!
Correlation vs cause in effect - ANSWER Common flaw in logical reasoning section
1. Correlation vs causation
Assumes that because two situations happen in correlation with each other, one event causes
the others.
The fact that A Always implies B or A and B always imply each other is not sufficient to conclude
A must cause B
"Concludes merely from the fact that two things are correlated that one caused the other"
"Takes a correlation to imply causation"
2. Third Variable
A. Another element may be responsible for the effect in question
"Fails to consider alternative causes"
"The evidence is consistent with the alternative hypothesis..."
, B. Another element may be responsible for both the purported cause and effect
"infers by association that one causes the other"
3.
Reversed causation - can the causal relationship be reversed?
"Fails to consider the possibility that variable x is the effect rather than the cause of variable y"
"
Temporal fallacy - ANSWER Common flaw
Arguments give you premises about the past or present and concludes about the future or vice
versa
Argument assumes that because an event has never happened before, that it is impossible for
the event to occur
Argument assumes because an event hasnt happened yet, that it is more likely to occur.
Argument does not set restrictions (one must be chosen, one must be the winner)
"Describing survey results that were obtained in the past as if they are bound to obtain in the
future as well"
If b then a
Satisfying a necessary condition is not enough to say a sufficient condition follows
Fallacy of the inverse - ANSWER If a then b
If not a then not b
Denying a sufficient condition is not enough to conclude a necessary condition will not follow
Transitive Fallacy - ANSWER If a then b
If a then c
Thus
If b then c
No! all bs are not cs.. We just know some bs are cs
Absence of evidence Fallacy - ANSWER Common flaw in logical reasoning
characterization family
Argument assumes claim is disproven due to a lack of evidence in support of claim.
1. concludes claim is false because not proven true.
,2. concludes claim is true because not proven false.
"Takes for granted that the fact that a claim has not been demonstrated to be false establishes
that it is true"
3. defeating evidence for claim to show claim is false.
Attacking and discrediting the methodology of the study and then concluding the findings are
false. we dont know either way if findings false , just that the evidence support conclusion is
untrustworthy, thus we dont know if the findings are correct or false. They could be correct by
mistake!
Correlation vs cause in effect - ANSWER Common flaw in logical reasoning section
1. Correlation vs causation
Assumes that because two situations happen in correlation with each other, one event causes
the others.
The fact that A Always implies B or A and B always imply each other is not sufficient to conclude
A must cause B
"Concludes merely from the fact that two things are correlated that one caused the other"
"Takes a correlation to imply causation"
2. Third Variable
A. Another element may be responsible for the effect in question
"Fails to consider alternative causes"
"The evidence is consistent with the alternative hypothesis..."
, B. Another element may be responsible for both the purported cause and effect
"infers by association that one causes the other"
3.
Reversed causation - can the causal relationship be reversed?
"Fails to consider the possibility that variable x is the effect rather than the cause of variable y"
"
Temporal fallacy - ANSWER Common flaw
Arguments give you premises about the past or present and concludes about the future or vice
versa
Argument assumes that because an event has never happened before, that it is impossible for
the event to occur
Argument assumes because an event hasnt happened yet, that it is more likely to occur.
Argument does not set restrictions (one must be chosen, one must be the winner)
"Describing survey results that were obtained in the past as if they are bound to obtain in the
future as well"
