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LOGICAL REASONING:
IDENTIFY THE CENTRAL ASSUMPTION:
Linsey has been judged to be a bad songwriter simply because her lyrics typically are disjointed
and subjective. This judgment is ill founded, however, since the writings of many modern
novelists typically are disjointed and subjective and yet these novelists are widely held to be
good writers.
Which one of the following is an ASSUMPTION on which the argument depends?
(A) Disjointed and subjective writing has a comparable effect in modern novels and in songs.
(B) Some readers do not appreciate the subtleties of the disjointed and subjective style
adopted by modern novelists.
(C) Song lyrics that are disjointed and subjective have at least as much narrative structure as
any other song lyrics do.
(D) A disjointed and subjective style of writing is usually more suitable for novels and song lyrics
than it is for any other written works.
(E) The quality of Linsey's - ANSWER (A) Disjointed and subjective writing has a
comparable effect in modern novels and in songs.
LOGICAL REASONING:
IDENTIFYING CENTRAL ASSUMPTION
Obviously, we cannot in any real sense mistreat plants. Plants do not have nervous systems,
and having a nervous system is necessary to experience pain.
,The conclusion above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
(A) Any organism that can experience pain can be mistreated.
(B) Only organisms that have nervous systems can experience pain.
(C) Any organism that has a nervous system can experience pain.
(D) Only organisms that can experience pain can be mistreated.
(E) Any organism that has a nervous system can be mistreated. - ANSWER (D) Only
organisms that can experience pain can be mistreated.
LOGICAL REASONING:
IDENTIFYING CENTRAL ASSUMPTION
All material bodies are divisible into parts, and everything divisible is imperfect. It follows rgar
akk material bodies are imperfect.It likewise follows that the spirit is not a material body.
The final conclusion above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
a) Everything divisible is a material body.
b) Nothing imperfect is indivisible.
c) The spirit is divisible.
d) The spirit is perfect.
e) The spirit is either indivisible or imperfect. - ANSWER d) The spirit is perfect.
LOGICAL REASONING:
IDENTIFYING CENTRAL ASSUMPTION
,No chordates are tracheophytes, and all members of Pteropsida are tracheophytes. So no
members of Pteropsida belong to the family Hominidae.
The conclusion above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
(a) All members of the family Hominidae are tracheophytes
(b) All members of the family Hominidae are chordates
(c) All tracheophytes are members of Pteropsida
(d) No members of the family Hominidae are chordates
(e) No chordates are members of Pteropsida - ANSWER (b) All members of the family
Hominidae are chordates
LOGICAL REASONING:
WRONG CHOICE ANSWERS
Historian: The spread of literacy informs more people of injustices and, in the right
circumstances, leads to increased capacity to distinguish true reformers from mere
opportunists. However, widespread literacy invariably emerges before any comprehensive
system of general education;thus, in the interim, the populace is vulnerable to clever
demagogues calling for change. Consequently, some relatively benign regimes may ironically
be toppled by their own "enlightened" move to increase literacy.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the historian's argument depends?
A. A demagogue can never enlist the public support necessary to topple an existing regime
unless a comprehensive system of general education is in place.
B. Without literacy there can be no general awareness of the injustice in a society.
, C. Any comprehensive system of general education will t - ANSWER D. A lack of general
education affects the ability to differentiate between legitimate and illegitimate calls for
reform.
LOGICAL REASONING:
WRONG CHOICE ANSWERS
Art historian: Great works of art have often elicited outrage when first presented; in Europe,
Stravinsky's Rite of Spring prompted a riot, and Manet's Dejeuner sur l'herbe elicited outrage
and derision. So, since it is clear that art is often shocking, we should not hesitate to use public
funds for supporting works of art that many people find shocking.
Which of the following is an assumption, that is required for the Art historian to draw his
conclusion properly?
1. Most art is shocking
2. Stravinsky and Manet received public funding for their art
3. Art used to be more shocking than it currently is
4. Public fund should support art
5. Anything that shocks is an art - ANSWER 4. Public funds should support art
When exercising the muscles in one's back, it is important to maintain a healthy back, to
exercise the muscles on opposite sides of the spine equally. After all, balanced muscle
development is needed for a healthy back since the muscles on opposite sides of the spine
must pull equally in opposition directions to keep the back in proper alignment and protect the
spine.
Which of the following is an assumption, required by the argument? -
ANSWER Exercising the muscles on opposite sides of the spine unequally tends to lead to
unbalanced muscle development
LOGICAL REASONING:
IDENTIFY THE CENTRAL ASSUMPTION:
Linsey has been judged to be a bad songwriter simply because her lyrics typically are disjointed
and subjective. This judgment is ill founded, however, since the writings of many modern
novelists typically are disjointed and subjective and yet these novelists are widely held to be
good writers.
Which one of the following is an ASSUMPTION on which the argument depends?
(A) Disjointed and subjective writing has a comparable effect in modern novels and in songs.
(B) Some readers do not appreciate the subtleties of the disjointed and subjective style
adopted by modern novelists.
(C) Song lyrics that are disjointed and subjective have at least as much narrative structure as
any other song lyrics do.
(D) A disjointed and subjective style of writing is usually more suitable for novels and song lyrics
than it is for any other written works.
(E) The quality of Linsey's - ANSWER (A) Disjointed and subjective writing has a
comparable effect in modern novels and in songs.
LOGICAL REASONING:
IDENTIFYING CENTRAL ASSUMPTION
Obviously, we cannot in any real sense mistreat plants. Plants do not have nervous systems,
and having a nervous system is necessary to experience pain.
,The conclusion above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
(A) Any organism that can experience pain can be mistreated.
(B) Only organisms that have nervous systems can experience pain.
(C) Any organism that has a nervous system can experience pain.
(D) Only organisms that can experience pain can be mistreated.
(E) Any organism that has a nervous system can be mistreated. - ANSWER (D) Only
organisms that can experience pain can be mistreated.
LOGICAL REASONING:
IDENTIFYING CENTRAL ASSUMPTION
All material bodies are divisible into parts, and everything divisible is imperfect. It follows rgar
akk material bodies are imperfect.It likewise follows that the spirit is not a material body.
The final conclusion above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
a) Everything divisible is a material body.
b) Nothing imperfect is indivisible.
c) The spirit is divisible.
d) The spirit is perfect.
e) The spirit is either indivisible or imperfect. - ANSWER d) The spirit is perfect.
LOGICAL REASONING:
IDENTIFYING CENTRAL ASSUMPTION
,No chordates are tracheophytes, and all members of Pteropsida are tracheophytes. So no
members of Pteropsida belong to the family Hominidae.
The conclusion above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
(a) All members of the family Hominidae are tracheophytes
(b) All members of the family Hominidae are chordates
(c) All tracheophytes are members of Pteropsida
(d) No members of the family Hominidae are chordates
(e) No chordates are members of Pteropsida - ANSWER (b) All members of the family
Hominidae are chordates
LOGICAL REASONING:
WRONG CHOICE ANSWERS
Historian: The spread of literacy informs more people of injustices and, in the right
circumstances, leads to increased capacity to distinguish true reformers from mere
opportunists. However, widespread literacy invariably emerges before any comprehensive
system of general education;thus, in the interim, the populace is vulnerable to clever
demagogues calling for change. Consequently, some relatively benign regimes may ironically
be toppled by their own "enlightened" move to increase literacy.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the historian's argument depends?
A. A demagogue can never enlist the public support necessary to topple an existing regime
unless a comprehensive system of general education is in place.
B. Without literacy there can be no general awareness of the injustice in a society.
, C. Any comprehensive system of general education will t - ANSWER D. A lack of general
education affects the ability to differentiate between legitimate and illegitimate calls for
reform.
LOGICAL REASONING:
WRONG CHOICE ANSWERS
Art historian: Great works of art have often elicited outrage when first presented; in Europe,
Stravinsky's Rite of Spring prompted a riot, and Manet's Dejeuner sur l'herbe elicited outrage
and derision. So, since it is clear that art is often shocking, we should not hesitate to use public
funds for supporting works of art that many people find shocking.
Which of the following is an assumption, that is required for the Art historian to draw his
conclusion properly?
1. Most art is shocking
2. Stravinsky and Manet received public funding for their art
3. Art used to be more shocking than it currently is
4. Public fund should support art
5. Anything that shocks is an art - ANSWER 4. Public funds should support art
When exercising the muscles in one's back, it is important to maintain a healthy back, to
exercise the muscles on opposite sides of the spine equally. After all, balanced muscle
development is needed for a healthy back since the muscles on opposite sides of the spine
must pull equally in opposition directions to keep the back in proper alignment and protect the
spine.
Which of the following is an assumption, required by the argument? -
ANSWER Exercising the muscles on opposite sides of the spine unequally tends to lead to
unbalanced muscle development
