Phil 101 - Exam 3 UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Equivocation - CORRECT ANSWER two terms with one meaning and false
distinctions; when an argument depends on words being used with different senses with a
gradual shift in meaning
5 diff types of inductive arguments - CORRECT ANSWER 1. generalization (part to
whole)
2. statistical reasoning (applying internal and external - random, causal, proxy variable
3. analogy
4. inference to the best explanation
5. statistical/cumulative support
post hoc ergo propter hoc - CORRECT ANSWER "after which therefore because of
which," fallacy of reversed causation
- cum hoc ergo propter hoc - superstition
- overlooking the possibility of coincidence
Hasty Generalization - CORRECT ANSWER - claim based on insufficient evidence -
self selection fallacy
- argument by anecdote
- accident fallacy
(Hume's problem w induction)
argumentum ad hominem - CORRECT ANSWER - guilt by association
- poisoning the well
fallacious appeal to authority - CORRECT ANSWER attempting to support a claim by
citing a source that is not really an authority
, - popularity
- bandwagon fallacy
- common practice
False Dilemma - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when it is suggested that only two
alternatives exist even though there may be others
- misplacing the burden of proof
- perfectionist fallacy
- line-drawing fallacy
False Analogy - CORRECT ANSWER Arguing on the basis of a comparison of
unrelated things.
Hume - CORRECT ANSWER Scottish philosopher 1700s, skepticism
1. problem of induction - past v present , observation , particular <--> uniformity w nature
2. causality
3. self -analogy false/weak - bundle of sensations
4. God analogy -false/weak
Begging the Question/Circular Reasoning - CORRECT ANSWER petitio princioi
- trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea; move
backward in its attempt to move forward.
Formal Fallacy - CORRECT ANSWER invalidates, deductive
Informal Fallacy - CORRECT ANSWER validates, inductive
AEIO - CORRECT ANSWER A- all s is p
E- no s is p
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Equivocation - CORRECT ANSWER two terms with one meaning and false
distinctions; when an argument depends on words being used with different senses with a
gradual shift in meaning
5 diff types of inductive arguments - CORRECT ANSWER 1. generalization (part to
whole)
2. statistical reasoning (applying internal and external - random, causal, proxy variable
3. analogy
4. inference to the best explanation
5. statistical/cumulative support
post hoc ergo propter hoc - CORRECT ANSWER "after which therefore because of
which," fallacy of reversed causation
- cum hoc ergo propter hoc - superstition
- overlooking the possibility of coincidence
Hasty Generalization - CORRECT ANSWER - claim based on insufficient evidence -
self selection fallacy
- argument by anecdote
- accident fallacy
(Hume's problem w induction)
argumentum ad hominem - CORRECT ANSWER - guilt by association
- poisoning the well
fallacious appeal to authority - CORRECT ANSWER attempting to support a claim by
citing a source that is not really an authority
, - popularity
- bandwagon fallacy
- common practice
False Dilemma - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when it is suggested that only two
alternatives exist even though there may be others
- misplacing the burden of proof
- perfectionist fallacy
- line-drawing fallacy
False Analogy - CORRECT ANSWER Arguing on the basis of a comparison of
unrelated things.
Hume - CORRECT ANSWER Scottish philosopher 1700s, skepticism
1. problem of induction - past v present , observation , particular <--> uniformity w nature
2. causality
3. self -analogy false/weak - bundle of sensations
4. God analogy -false/weak
Begging the Question/Circular Reasoning - CORRECT ANSWER petitio princioi
- trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea; move
backward in its attempt to move forward.
Formal Fallacy - CORRECT ANSWER invalidates, deductive
Informal Fallacy - CORRECT ANSWER validates, inductive
AEIO - CORRECT ANSWER A- all s is p
E- no s is p
