KNES 372 Midterm Notes
____________ may help speed up muscle injury but athletes
cant use them. Why must we be cautious when prescribing
injections? What is PRP and does it work to help muscle
recovery? Correct Answer anabolic steroids, some drug
injections kill the cells due to the high dose of anti-
inflammatories
PRP: platelet rich plasma: includes many growth factors, may
help but dont do much more than traditional treatment
A female volleyball player comes down from a jump and feels
knee give out, had swelling immediately. What other
information would you need to know? Correct Answer -did
you feel or hear a pop, tear, etc?
-where does it hurt now?
- what position did you knee move?
-did it feel like kneecap went out of place?
A patient injured their knee and says they felt something "come
out of place", what is this most likely? How can we find out
where the pain is? Correct Answer most likely a dislocation of
the patella, MCL or ACL injury, or tibial plateau injury
Get them to identify POINT OF MAXIMUM TENDERNESS
(PMT) to locate injury
As stress increases, what happens to strain in the bones
(measurement of deformation)? Where is ultimate strength and
yield strength? When does a fracture occur? Correct Answer -
As stress initially increases there, there is a linear relationship
with strain.
,-this is when the bone reaches yield strength at which point there
is STRAIN HARDENING.
-bone reaches ultimate strength with more strain
-as strain continues, stress decreases and this is called
NECKING which continues until a fracture
FRACTURE MAY OCCUR AT LOWER THAN ULTIMATE
STRENGTH
Bone resorption is done by __________ while bone production
is done by __________. This process is called bone
___________. Correct Answer osteoclasts, osteoblasts,
remodeling
Bone serves a ______________ purpose such as what 4 things?
Correct Answer mechanical
1. protects internal organs
2. provides body's basic shape
3. facilitates movement
4. provides framework for support
Define hemarthrosis, sinovial fluid, and effusion. What are the 3
main ways to diagnose a joint injury? What device is not
needed? Correct Answer Hemarthrosis: bleeding into joint
area after injury
Sinovial fluid: fluid of joints to reduce the friction of the joint)
Effusion: build up of fluid
Use medical history, physical exam, and X ray. MRI not useful,
unless the other diagnoses dont add up
Define muscle belly, tendon, origin, insertion, ligament, articular
(hyaline) cartilage, fibrocartilage, rupture, dislocation,
,subluxation. Correct Answer Muscle belly is middle of
muscle, tendon is where muscle attaches to bone
Origin is proximal start of muscle, insertion is distal attachment
of muscle
Ligament is tissue connecting bone to bone
Articular cartilage covers ends of bones where they come
together to form joints. Fibrocartilage is glued onto bone
(vertebrae, pubis synthesis)
Rupture is a tear
Dislocation is bones that move out of their natural joint position
Subluxation is a joint that dislocates then pops back in quickly
Define tendon, fascicle, collagen, paratenon, and tenosynovium
Correct Answer tendon is made up of many fascicles which are
bundles of collagen fibres
Paratenon is an inner layer that has no sinovial fluid, just
protects the tendon from the skin
Tenosynovium has sinovial fluid to protect the tendon during
movement
Define ventral, dorsal, cephalad, caudal, valgus, varum, lordosis,
kyphosis, midclavicular line and midaxillary line Correct
Answer Ventral is anterior, dorsal is posterior, cephalad is up
only for the torso, caudal is down only for the torso
Valgus is pidgin toed (toes out knees in), varum is bow legged
(toes together knees out)
Lordosis is arched back, kyphosis is hunched back.
Midclavicular line is the line running down the centre of a
clavicle. Midaxillary line is the line running down the centre of
the armpit
, For hamstring muscle tears, what are 2 types of strength
rehabilitation that can help? Correct Answer 1. eccentric
(lengthening) strengthening exercises
2. Sprint retraining (spring for short distance, very slow jog
around
For what 3 reasons is the knee joint most susceptible to injury?
What are the 4 ligaments of the knee? Correct Answer -
anatomy: bad ligaments, unstable joint
-mobility: high level of mobility
-less protection: not much muscle
4 Ligaments:
-MCL: medial collateral ligament
-ACL: anterior cruciate ligament
-LCL: lateral collateral ligament
-PCL: posterior cruciate ligament
How can Chronic Extersion Compartment Syndrome (CECS) be
diagnosed? What works and doesnt work? Correct Answer
Works: compartment pressure measurement: needle into muscle
tells the pressure within the muscle, >30mmHg right after
exercise, slow decrease in pressure
Doesnt work:
-physical examinations (except tender and firm in affected
compartment)
-Bone Scan
-MRI
-NO IMAGING WILL DIAGNOSE CECS
How can locked knee be diagnosed? What causes it? What is it
aka? Correct Answer inability to straighten out knee RIGHT
____________ may help speed up muscle injury but athletes
cant use them. Why must we be cautious when prescribing
injections? What is PRP and does it work to help muscle
recovery? Correct Answer anabolic steroids, some drug
injections kill the cells due to the high dose of anti-
inflammatories
PRP: platelet rich plasma: includes many growth factors, may
help but dont do much more than traditional treatment
A female volleyball player comes down from a jump and feels
knee give out, had swelling immediately. What other
information would you need to know? Correct Answer -did
you feel or hear a pop, tear, etc?
-where does it hurt now?
- what position did you knee move?
-did it feel like kneecap went out of place?
A patient injured their knee and says they felt something "come
out of place", what is this most likely? How can we find out
where the pain is? Correct Answer most likely a dislocation of
the patella, MCL or ACL injury, or tibial plateau injury
Get them to identify POINT OF MAXIMUM TENDERNESS
(PMT) to locate injury
As stress increases, what happens to strain in the bones
(measurement of deformation)? Where is ultimate strength and
yield strength? When does a fracture occur? Correct Answer -
As stress initially increases there, there is a linear relationship
with strain.
,-this is when the bone reaches yield strength at which point there
is STRAIN HARDENING.
-bone reaches ultimate strength with more strain
-as strain continues, stress decreases and this is called
NECKING which continues until a fracture
FRACTURE MAY OCCUR AT LOWER THAN ULTIMATE
STRENGTH
Bone resorption is done by __________ while bone production
is done by __________. This process is called bone
___________. Correct Answer osteoclasts, osteoblasts,
remodeling
Bone serves a ______________ purpose such as what 4 things?
Correct Answer mechanical
1. protects internal organs
2. provides body's basic shape
3. facilitates movement
4. provides framework for support
Define hemarthrosis, sinovial fluid, and effusion. What are the 3
main ways to diagnose a joint injury? What device is not
needed? Correct Answer Hemarthrosis: bleeding into joint
area after injury
Sinovial fluid: fluid of joints to reduce the friction of the joint)
Effusion: build up of fluid
Use medical history, physical exam, and X ray. MRI not useful,
unless the other diagnoses dont add up
Define muscle belly, tendon, origin, insertion, ligament, articular
(hyaline) cartilage, fibrocartilage, rupture, dislocation,
,subluxation. Correct Answer Muscle belly is middle of
muscle, tendon is where muscle attaches to bone
Origin is proximal start of muscle, insertion is distal attachment
of muscle
Ligament is tissue connecting bone to bone
Articular cartilage covers ends of bones where they come
together to form joints. Fibrocartilage is glued onto bone
(vertebrae, pubis synthesis)
Rupture is a tear
Dislocation is bones that move out of their natural joint position
Subluxation is a joint that dislocates then pops back in quickly
Define tendon, fascicle, collagen, paratenon, and tenosynovium
Correct Answer tendon is made up of many fascicles which are
bundles of collagen fibres
Paratenon is an inner layer that has no sinovial fluid, just
protects the tendon from the skin
Tenosynovium has sinovial fluid to protect the tendon during
movement
Define ventral, dorsal, cephalad, caudal, valgus, varum, lordosis,
kyphosis, midclavicular line and midaxillary line Correct
Answer Ventral is anterior, dorsal is posterior, cephalad is up
only for the torso, caudal is down only for the torso
Valgus is pidgin toed (toes out knees in), varum is bow legged
(toes together knees out)
Lordosis is arched back, kyphosis is hunched back.
Midclavicular line is the line running down the centre of a
clavicle. Midaxillary line is the line running down the centre of
the armpit
, For hamstring muscle tears, what are 2 types of strength
rehabilitation that can help? Correct Answer 1. eccentric
(lengthening) strengthening exercises
2. Sprint retraining (spring for short distance, very slow jog
around
For what 3 reasons is the knee joint most susceptible to injury?
What are the 4 ligaments of the knee? Correct Answer -
anatomy: bad ligaments, unstable joint
-mobility: high level of mobility
-less protection: not much muscle
4 Ligaments:
-MCL: medial collateral ligament
-ACL: anterior cruciate ligament
-LCL: lateral collateral ligament
-PCL: posterior cruciate ligament
How can Chronic Extersion Compartment Syndrome (CECS) be
diagnosed? What works and doesnt work? Correct Answer
Works: compartment pressure measurement: needle into muscle
tells the pressure within the muscle, >30mmHg right after
exercise, slow decrease in pressure
Doesnt work:
-physical examinations (except tender and firm in affected
compartment)
-Bone Scan
-MRI
-NO IMAGING WILL DIAGNOSE CECS
How can locked knee be diagnosed? What causes it? What is it
aka? Correct Answer inability to straighten out knee RIGHT
