NSG 526 EXAM 2 2025 CORRECT DEFINED

NUR 526 NSG 526 EXAM 2 2025 CORRECT DEFINED Group Therapy primary purpose - -The primary purpose of group therapy is to facilitate changes by the patient to address identified problems. A technique for dealing with an over talkative client and silence from other participants in a group during therapy - -make an observation about the group's silence and invite the others to comment The technique of "Information Giver". - -During group members sharing methods they personally use for dealing with problems CBT - -consists of active questioning, homework assignments, and dream survey. The therapist helps the patient consider personal ideas and beliefs in order to increase the patient's realization about how thoughts influence behaviors. Attachment - -Attempts to explain the dynamics of interpersonal relationships between humans. A child needs to form a relationship between at least one primary caregiver. Mileu - -Milieu therapy requires consideration of the client's social, economic, and cultural status. Complementary Alternative Medicine vs Western major difference - -Western medicine focuses on what is done to the patient whereas CAM focuses on mind-body interactions. Beck - -Beck developed the cognitive model of depression and the concept that cognitive processing distortions underlie psychological disorders ACTIVE, TIME-LIMITED APPROACH depression can be understood via schemas: - -Beck; cognitive errors, and the cognitive triad (i.e., negative views of self, tendency toward interpreting experiences in a negative manner, and holding negative views of the future). Beck assumption - -Distorted thinking contributes to and maintains bheavior (symptoms) Ellis - -RET (Rational Emotive Therapy) a form of cbt NUR 526 NUR 526 Ret - -unrealistic and irrational beliefs cause many emotional problems. The purpose of RET is to identify an irrational belief and dispute it through active, philosophical, confrontational therapy. RET assumption - -People make themselves sick anytime they escalate a desire or preference into a demand or absolute must. (People become who they become based on their beliefs). Skinner - -operant conditioning Operant conditioning - -voluntary behaviors are learned through consequences, and behavioral responses are elicited through reinforcement, which causes a behavior to occur more frequently. Positive reinforcement- getting a gift, or negative reinforcement- removal of objectionable' or aversive stimulus Skinner - -Absence of reinforcement, or extinction, also decreases behavior by withholding a reward that has become habitual. Teachers employ this strategy in the classroom when they ignore acting-out behavior that had previously been rewarded by more attention. Skinner's behavior model provides a concrete method for modifying or replacing behaviors. Behavior management and modification programs based on his principles have shown to be successful in altering targeted behaviors. Programmed learning and token economies represent extensions of Skinner's thoughts on learning. Behavioral methods are particularly effective with children, adolescents, and individuals with many forms of chronic mental illness. Universality - -Yaslom: The recognition of shared experiences and feelings among group members and that these may be widespread or universal human concerns, serves to remove a group member's sense of isolation, validate their experiences, and raise self-esteem. Altruism - -Yaslom: The group is a place where members can help each other, and the experience of being able to give something to another person can lift the member's self esteem and help develop more adaptive coping styles and interpersonal skills. Instillation of hope - -Yaslom: In a mixed group that has members at various stages of development or recovery, a member can be inspired and encouraged by another member who has overcome the problems with which they are still struggling. Imparting information - -Yaslom: While this is not strictly speaking a psychotherapeutic process, members often report that it has been very helpful to learn factual information from other members in the group, for example, about their treatment or about access to services. Corrective recapitulation of primary family experience - -Yaslom: Members often unconsciously identify the group therapist and other group members with their own NUR 526 NUR 526 parents and siblings in a process that is a form of transference specific to group psychotherapy. The therapist's interpretations can help group members gain understanding of the impact of childhood experiences on their personality, and they may learn to avoid unconsciously repeating unhelpful past interactive patterns in present-day relationships. Development of socializing techniques - -Yaslom: The group setting provides a safe and supportive environment for members to take risks by extending their repertoire of interpersonal behavior and improving their social skills. Imitative behavior - -Yaslom: One way in which group members can develop social skills is through a modeling process, observing and imitating the therapist and other group members. For example, sharing personal feelings, showing concern, and supporting others. Cohesiveness - -Yaslom: Is the primary therapeutic factor from which all others flow. Humans are herd animals with an instinctive need to belong to groups, and personal development can only take place in an interpersonal context. A cohesive group is one in which all members feel a sense of belonging, acceptance, and validation. Existential factors - -Yaslom: Learning that one has to take responsibility for one's own life and the consequences of one's decisions Catharsis - -Yaslom: The experience of relief from emotional distress through the free and uninhibited expression of emotion. When members tell their story to a supportive audience, they can obtain relief from chronic feelings of shame and guilt. We refer to catharsis as "getting things off our chest." Interpersonal learning - -Yaslom: Group members achieve a greater level of self awareness through the process of interacting with others in the group, who give feedback on the member's behavior and impact on others Self-understaning - -Yaslom: This factor overlaps with interpersonal learning but refers to the achievement of greater levels of insight into the genesis of one's problems and the unconscious motivations that underlie one's behavior. Autocratic leader - -exerts control over the group and does not encourage much interaction among members. For example, staff leading a community meeting with a fixed, time-limited agenda may tend to be more autocratic Democratic leader - -supports extensive group interaction in the process of problem solving. Psychotherapy groups most often employ this leadership style Laissez-faire leader - -allows the group members to behave in any way they choose and does not attempt to control the direction of the group. In a creative group, such as an art NUR 526 NUR 526 group, the leader may choose this style of leadership, giving minimal direction to allow for a variety of responses Primary purpose of group therapy - -(1) human beings are social animals, and (2) that we heal in community. This is why group therapy is so efficacious. This correlated to Maslow's third level in his hierarchy of needs; the need for love and belonging. People benefit by both giving and receiving feedback Role of Information giver in a group session - -Shares facts or own experience as an authority figure Characteristics of an effective leader - -In any group, the leader must be thoughtful about communication techniques, since these have a tremendous impact on group content and process. Mileu therapy benefit - -It is an all-inclusive term that recognizes the people, setting, structure, and emotional climate as all important to healing Milieu therapy takes naturally occurring events in the environment and uses them as rich learning opportunities for clients. therapuetic community A well-managed milieu offers clients a sense of security and comfort. Milieu benefit to sexual disorders - -Individuals with paraphilias tend to isolate themselves. Group therapy can offer no more isolation Milieu benefit eating disorder - -including normalization of eating. The highly structures milieu includes precise meal times, adherence to the selected menus, observation during and after meals, and regularly scheduled weighing Milieu benefit schitzophrenic - -(1) protection from stressful or disruptive environments and (2) structure Milieu benefit bipolar - -Seclusion room- comfort and relief for those that are out of control. Reduces overwhelming environmental stimuli Protects a client form injuring self, others, or staff Prevents destruction of personal property or property of others Milieu benefit depression - -The client with depression needs protection from suicidal acts and a supervised environment for regulating treatments. Often, being removed from a stressful interpersonal situation increases therapeutic value. Milieu benefit anxiety - -Structuring the daily routine to offer physical safety and predictability, thus reducing anxiety over the unknown Providing daily activities to promote sharing and cooperation NUR 526 NUR 526 Providing therapeutic interactions, including one-on-one nursing care and behavior contracts Including the client in decisions about his or her own care Organization to help learn more about complementary and alternative medicines - National Institutes of Health (NIH) established the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) in 1998. Acupuncture. - -The term "acupuncture" describes a family of procedures involving the stimulation of anatomical points on the body using a variety of techniques. The acupuncture technique that has been most often studied scientifically involves penetrating the skin with thin, solid, metallic needles that are manipulated by the hands or by electrical stimulation. health is achieved by maintaining the body in a "balanced state"; disease is due to an internal imbalance of yin and yang. This imbalance leads to blockage in the flow of qi Qi can be unblocked, according to TCM, by using acupuncture at certain points on the body that connect with these meridians. Herbal therapies advantages - -echinacea (immune stimulant and anti-infection agent); garlic (antihypertensive and antibiotic); ginger (anti-nauseant and antispasmodic); ginseng root (increased stamina and decreased fatigue); kava kava (calming effect); and St. John's wort (anxiolytics and antidepressant). Therapeutic touch - -useful in relieving premenstrual syndrome, depression, complications in premature babies, and secondary infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HN) infection; lowering blood pressure; decreasing edema; easing abdominal cramps and nausea; resolving fevers; and accelerating the healing of fractures, wounds, and infections. Concurrent use of SSRI and St. John's Wort - -No, risk of serotonin syndrome Yoga as a treatment approach - -People use yoga for a variety of conditions and to achieve fitness and relaxation. Dolores Krieger and use of therapeutic touch - -Dolores Krieger, a nursing professor at New York University healing is promoted by balancing the body's energies. practitioners focus completely on the person receiving the treatment, without any other distraction. Practitioners then assess the energy field, clear and balance it through hand movements, and/or direct energy in a specific region of the body. The therapist does not physically touch the client. After undergoing a session of therapeutic touch, clients report a sense of deep relaxation. Beck's Cognitive Triad in depressed patients. - -negative views of self tendency toward interpreting experiences in a negative manner holding negative views of the future NUR 526 NUR 526 Operant conditioning - -Operant conditioning is the basis for behavior modification and uses positive reinforcement to increase desired behaviors. desired goals are achieved or behaviors are performed, clients might be rewarded with tokens. These tokens can be exchanged for food, small luxuries, or privileges. This reward system is known as a token economy. been useful in improving the verbal behaviors of mute, autistic, and developmentally disabled children. In clients with severe and persistent mental illness, behavior modification has helped increase levels of self-care, social behavior, group participation Behavioral therapy - -Behavioral therapy is base on the assumption that changes in maladaptive behavior can occur without insight into the underlying cause. This approach works best when it is directed at specific problems and the goals are well defined. Behavioral therapy is effective in treating people with phobias, alcoholism, schizophrenia, and many other conditions. 4 types behavioral therapy - -Modeling, operant conditioning, systematic desensitization, aversion Systematic Desensitization - -Systematic desensitization is another form of behavior modification therapy that involves the development of behavioral tasks customized to the client's specific fears; these tasks are presented to the client while using learned relaxation techniques. The process involves four steps: The client's fear is broken down into its components by exploring the particular stimulus cues to which the client reacts. The client is incrementally exposed to the fear. The client is instructed in how to design a hierarchy of fears. The client practices these techniques every day. Approach to patient wanting to use CAM to treat his health conditions - -studies in the field are minimal when compared to those of conventional medicine. no standards or regulations that guarantee the safety or efficacy of herbal products. Consumers may waste a great deal of money and risk their health on unproven, fraudulently marketed, useless, or harmful products and treatments. Another concern regarding CAM therapies is that diagnosis and treatment may be delayed while clients try alternative interventions, which is common with mental health symptoms such as major depression and anxiety. Research on herbs such as St. John's wort, valerian, and ginkgo biloba and mind-body interventions such as yoga and meditation is extensive, and results are available on the NCCAM website. Cognitive distortions - -schemas can be conceptualized as stored bodies of knowledge that interact with incoming information to influence selective attention and memory search schema is an abstract cognitive plan that serves as a guide for interpreting information and solving problems NUR 526 NUR 526 schema as "the basis for molding data into cognitions, defined as nay verbal or pictoral content schema is dormant until activated by a relevant stimulus DBT - -tx designed specifically for individuals with self harm behaviors, self cutting, suicide, etc. three modes of dbt - -individual, skills group (mindfullness, interpersonal effectiveness (ie), emotional regulation (er), distress tolerance (dt), telephone crises management, contract to call therapist for suicide or self harm behaviors piaget - -theory of cognitive development children move through 4 difference stages of mental development. sensorimotor- birth to 2 yearspreoperational- 2-7 yearsconcrete operational- 7-11 yearsformal operational- 12 plus piaget assumption - -Assumption: children construct their own knowledge in response to their experiences. Learn many things on own without intervention, children are intrinsically motivated to learn Ainsworth - -theorist that studied types of attachment by use of the strange situation test strange situation test - -Gradually subjecting a child to a stressful situation and observing his or her behavior toward the parent or caregiver. This test is used to classify children according to type of attachment—secure, resistant, avoidant, or disorganized/disoriented. Yalom - -existential psychotherapy is an attitude toward human suffering and has no manual. Asks deep questions about the nature of the human being and nature of anxiety/despair/grief/loneliness/isolation. Questions meaning of love, creativity. Primary purpose of group therapy. - -group therapy helps promotes and enhances understanding of one's self, overcome fears, undesirable thoughts, and feelings and adopt new behaviors. Open groups - -permits termination of members at different points and their substitution by new members. learning from each other, lots of participation, ideal for most settings, groups also can vary in purpose a group in which new members are added as others leave closed groups - -members begin and end the group at the same time. ex. outpatient smoking cessation a group in which membership is restricted; no new members are added when other leave NUR 526 NUR 526 Agenda group - -size 6-12, inpatient/outpatient, each individual states an agenda for that day's session. Higher functioning clients Focus group - -size 4-7, inpatient, higher pathologies, lower functioning, goal is to make this successful, non anxiety producing so clients comfortable in group, simple tasks Heterogeneous group - -a group in which a range of differences exists among members Homogeneous group - -a group in which all members share central traits (e.g., men's group, group of clients with bipolar disorder) reasons a therapist to share personal information with patients - -using self-disclosure: demonstrate how you had changed similar automatic thoughts. altruism in therapy - -the group is a place where members can help each other, and the experience of being able to give something to another person can lift the member's self esteem and help develop more adaptive coping styles an interpersonal skills Interpersonal learning. - -it occurs when group members learn from one another. it involves exchange of feedback on relational styles through the rational experiences that occur in the here and now of the group. Overgeneralization - -affects people with depression or anxiety disorders. way of thinking where you apply one experience to all experiences, including those in the future. Ex. i once gave a poor speech, therefore I always screw up speeches. secure attachment- ainsworth - -a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver caregiver: reacts quickly and positively to the childs needs. Child- distressed when caregiver leaves, happy when return, seek comfort when scared or sad. insecure-avoidant attachment - -a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care, no distress, no acknowledgement about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return. Child- dismissive, doesn't seek or make contact with caregiver insecure-ambivalent- anxious attachment - -responds to child inconsistently. distress when caregiver leaves, not comforted by return of caregiver. a smaller portion of infants experienced greater levels of distress and upon reuniting with the parents, seemed both to seek comfort and to attempt to "punish" the parents for