Nr 283 Final Exam Exam Questions With Correct Verified Answers | 100% Pass (A+ Certified)

NR 283 FINAL EXAM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED) 1. What regulates the release of hormones?: feedback systems 2. Positive Feedback: tells a hormone to make more 3. Negative Feedback: stops making a hormone 4. Secreting Cells: what is pumped out of the cells (ADH released from the posterior pituitary gland) 5. Receiving Cells: what cells the hormones target (ADH targets the kidney) 6. Why are hormones are released?: -altered cell environment (increases intake of glucose leads to a release of insulin) -maintaining levels of other hormones (cascades trigger the release of other hormones, ex: TRH) -neural control (autonomic NS - not in control) 7. Non-steroidal hormones: -water soluble, can float around blood stream with no issues since the blood stream is made up of water, but cannot get through phospholipid bilayer - which is why we need receptors on the cells and second messengers (proteins that live inside the cells to help get the message to the nucleus) -ex: insulin: freely moves around bloodstream but has to connect with a second messenger 8. Steroidal Hormones: -lipid soluble, fatty hormones floating around bloodstream cannot float around easily so they need carrier proteins to carry them. When they get to the cell, they dont have any issues getting into the cell they can deliver the message straight to the nucleus ex: sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone) 9. regulation: refers to the receptivity of cells, how open is that cell to allow a hormone in 10. Upregulation: if we starve a cell of a hormone, they will be much more likely to get a hormone in -this is why type II diabetes can be reversible, if the cells haven't seen insulin in a while, the pancreas isn't overworking to pump out insulin 11. Downregulation: -happens with type II diabetes, have tons of glucose in bloodstream, in response the pancreas (beta cells) pump out insulin, in a normal state the pancreas is able to pump out insulin, but since there is so much excess glucose in the blood, insulin comes to the cell receptor and they wont let glucose in because they have become sensitized.Now it will take more insulin to do the same job. -al