NSG 3113 - Pathophysiology Exam 1
well answered to pass
atrophy
- cells revert to smaller size in response to changes in metabolism
- when a cell's environment cannot support its metabolic requirements
- allows for less metabolic demand and more efficient functioning that is compatible with
survival
hypertrophy
- increase in cell size results in an enlargement of functioning tissue mass
- each individual cell becomes larger
- leads to greater metabolic demand/energy needs
adaptive
- response to stress
- maintain hemostasis
maladaptive
- disruptions to function
paralysis
- condition causes lack of muscle contraction, loss of nerve stimulation, and decreased workload
of the muscles, the size of skeletal muscle cells decrease and undergo diminished metabolic
activity
physiological hypertrophy
- in a well-trained athlete, each individual myocardial cell is enlarged which enhances coronary
bloody supply of the cells and delivers large amounts of oxygen and nutrients
- angiogenesis
pathological hypertrophy
- in long-standing hypertension, elevated blood pressure increases workload for left ventricle,
which increases each cardiac muscle cell in size without increase in blood growth/supply of
vessels.
,- the ventricle outgrows supply of blood flow and is susceptible to inadequate blood flow
(ischemia)
- can occur in disease/maladaptive environments
metaplasia
in GERD, the lower esophageal sphincter is weakened which allows stomach acid into the lower
esophagus causing inflammation of the esophagus (if prolonged or not treated) normal
epithelial cells transform/change into columnar stomach-like cells
hyperplasia
- only cells capable of mitotic division (epithelium/glandular tissue)
- stimulated by hormonal or compensatory mechanisms
- cell mass necessary for regeneration to be exceeded
hyperplasia
- in pregnancy, estrogen stimulation results in mitotic division of breast gland cells
- a keloid is the overgrowth of granulation tissue during the wound repair process
dysplasia
- cellular change
- d/t chronic inflammation/precancerous condition
* often detected on Pap during cervical exam; precursor to cancer of cervix
neoplasm
- new, uncontrolled, uncoordinated proliferative cell growth that is cancerous
- tumor
- well-differentiated and contained w/n one location
benign neoplasms
- well-differentiated
- resemble healthy cells
- do not metastasize or break loose from origin
malignant neoplasms
- poorly-differentiated
- tendency to break away; enter lymphatic/circulatory systems
- metastasize to distant sites to form secondary neoplasms
, dysfunction na/k pump
- when active transport is not functioning, normal osmotic balance is altered, sodium is
increased b/c it can't be adequately pumped out cell, draws in water causing cell swelling
- edema
sodium
major extracellular cation
- normal na+/k+ pump expels 3 sodium ions from ICF and pumps in 2 potassium ions
potassium
major intracellular cation
- normal na+/k+ pump expels 3 sodium ions from ICF and pumps in 2 potassium ions
apoptosis
- genetically programmed death
- it is meant to happen and carries no adverse effects
- ovarian cells undergo menopause
angiogenesis
- for a weight-lifter, the increased workload stimulated increased size of each skeletal muscle
cell within each biceps muscle
- the stimulus for hypertrophy increases muscle cells blood vessel growth, ATP, enzymes, actin,
myosin, mitochondria
necrosis
- cell death induced by damage to the cell or cell injury
- cell undergoes irreversible changes, swells, leaks it contents and disintegrates into cell
remnants
cellular edema
- disease alters the plasma membrane's configuration, excess fluid can enter cell's internal
environment
- swelling
cellular dehydration
- intracellular fluid can leak out of the cell through pores
well answered to pass
atrophy
- cells revert to smaller size in response to changes in metabolism
- when a cell's environment cannot support its metabolic requirements
- allows for less metabolic demand and more efficient functioning that is compatible with
survival
hypertrophy
- increase in cell size results in an enlargement of functioning tissue mass
- each individual cell becomes larger
- leads to greater metabolic demand/energy needs
adaptive
- response to stress
- maintain hemostasis
maladaptive
- disruptions to function
paralysis
- condition causes lack of muscle contraction, loss of nerve stimulation, and decreased workload
of the muscles, the size of skeletal muscle cells decrease and undergo diminished metabolic
activity
physiological hypertrophy
- in a well-trained athlete, each individual myocardial cell is enlarged which enhances coronary
bloody supply of the cells and delivers large amounts of oxygen and nutrients
- angiogenesis
pathological hypertrophy
- in long-standing hypertension, elevated blood pressure increases workload for left ventricle,
which increases each cardiac muscle cell in size without increase in blood growth/supply of
vessels.
,- the ventricle outgrows supply of blood flow and is susceptible to inadequate blood flow
(ischemia)
- can occur in disease/maladaptive environments
metaplasia
in GERD, the lower esophageal sphincter is weakened which allows stomach acid into the lower
esophagus causing inflammation of the esophagus (if prolonged or not treated) normal
epithelial cells transform/change into columnar stomach-like cells
hyperplasia
- only cells capable of mitotic division (epithelium/glandular tissue)
- stimulated by hormonal or compensatory mechanisms
- cell mass necessary for regeneration to be exceeded
hyperplasia
- in pregnancy, estrogen stimulation results in mitotic division of breast gland cells
- a keloid is the overgrowth of granulation tissue during the wound repair process
dysplasia
- cellular change
- d/t chronic inflammation/precancerous condition
* often detected on Pap during cervical exam; precursor to cancer of cervix
neoplasm
- new, uncontrolled, uncoordinated proliferative cell growth that is cancerous
- tumor
- well-differentiated and contained w/n one location
benign neoplasms
- well-differentiated
- resemble healthy cells
- do not metastasize or break loose from origin
malignant neoplasms
- poorly-differentiated
- tendency to break away; enter lymphatic/circulatory systems
- metastasize to distant sites to form secondary neoplasms
, dysfunction na/k pump
- when active transport is not functioning, normal osmotic balance is altered, sodium is
increased b/c it can't be adequately pumped out cell, draws in water causing cell swelling
- edema
sodium
major extracellular cation
- normal na+/k+ pump expels 3 sodium ions from ICF and pumps in 2 potassium ions
potassium
major intracellular cation
- normal na+/k+ pump expels 3 sodium ions from ICF and pumps in 2 potassium ions
apoptosis
- genetically programmed death
- it is meant to happen and carries no adverse effects
- ovarian cells undergo menopause
angiogenesis
- for a weight-lifter, the increased workload stimulated increased size of each skeletal muscle
cell within each biceps muscle
- the stimulus for hypertrophy increases muscle cells blood vessel growth, ATP, enzymes, actin,
myosin, mitochondria
necrosis
- cell death induced by damage to the cell or cell injury
- cell undergoes irreversible changes, swells, leaks it contents and disintegrates into cell
remnants
cellular edema
- disease alters the plasma membrane's configuration, excess fluid can enter cell's internal
environment
- swelling
cellular dehydration
- intracellular fluid can leak out of the cell through pores
