Newborn Medicine (X)Exam 2025 – Key Pediatric Questions & 100% Verified Answer
Apgar Score - (answer)Rapid scoring system based on physiological responses to birth process; assesses
need to resuscitate a newborn.
Apgar Score Timing - (answer)At 1 and 5 min. after birth, 5 physiological parameters noted.
Normal Apgar Score - (answer)Full-term infants with normal cardiopulmonary adaptation should score
8-9 at 1 & 5 min.
Apgar Score Monitoring - (answer)Scores of 4-7 monitored closely to determine if status will improve or
if any pathological condition is contributing to low score.
APGAR mnemonic - (answer)Appearance (skin color), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (reflex irritability),
Activity (muscle tone), Respiration (effort).
Apgar Score 0-3 - (answer)Represents either a cardiopulmonary arrest or condition caused by severe
bradycardia, hypoventilation, CNS depression.
Causes of Low Apgar Scores - (answer)Most low Apgar scores secondary to difficulty in establishing
adequate ventilation, not by primary cardiac pathology.
Apgar Scores with Asphyxia - (answer)In addition to score of 0-3, most with asphyxia severe enough to
cause neurological injury also manifest fetal acidosis (pH <7), seizures, coma, or hypotonia and
multiorgan dysfunction.
Apgar Scores from Fetal Hypoxia - (answer)Low scores from fetal hypoxia.
Response to Low Apgar Scores - (answer)Most with low Apgars respond to assisted ventilation; face
mask or ET intubation; usually do not need emergency meds.
Vital Signs - Pulse - (answer)Normal rate is 120-160 beats/min.
,Newborn Medicine (X)Exam 2025 – Key Pediatric Questions & 100% Verified Answer
Vital Signs - Respiratory Rate - (answer)Normal rate is 30-60 breaths/min.
Vital Signs - Temperature - (answer)Usually measured per rectum and later axillary.
Vital Signs - Blood Pressure - (answer)Often reserved for sick infants.
Growth Assessment - (answer)Assess for growth for specific gestational age that is normal, accelerated,
or retarded.
Average Size for Newborn - Weight - (answer)For full-term babies born between 37 - 41 weeks gestation
is about 7 lbs (3.2 kg).
Average Size for Newborn - Height - (answer)The average newborn is about 19 3/4 in long (50 cm).
Large for Gestational Age - (answer)Infants born at a weight > 90th percentile for age.
Small for Gestational Age - (answer)Infants born at a weight < 10th percentile for age; some growth
curves use < 2 standard deviations or the 5th %ile.
Prematurity Definition - (answer)Birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy is considered premature or born
too early.
Fontanels - (answer)Anterior and posterior fontanels should be soft and non-bulging; anterior should be
larger than the posterior.
Neonatal Torticollis - (answer)Shortening of the SCM with a fibrous tumor over the muscle; produces
head tilt & asymmetric facies.
, Newborn Medicine (X)Exam 2025 – Key Pediatric Questions & 100% Verified Answer
Clavicular Fractures - History - (answer)Usually unilateral, usually macrosomic infants, usually h/o
shoulder dystocia; snap is heard after a difficult delivery.
Clavicular Fractures - Exam - (answer)Asymmetric Moro response; decreased movement of the affected
side.
Clavicular Fractures - Prognosis - (answer)Excellent.
Clavicular Fractures - Treatment - (answer)May require no treatment or simple figure 8 bandage to
immobilize bone.
Umbilical Hernia - (answer)Protrusion in the area surrounding the navel at the site of the umbilicus in a
newborn; common during the initial routine well-baby checkups in first few months of life.
Caput succedaneum - (answer)Soft tissue of scalp, diffuse, edematous, often dark swelling that extends
across midline & suture lines, may follow prolonged labor in full-term & preterm infants, molding of
head often is associated, pressure w/ overriding parietal & frontal bones against sutures.
Cephalhematoma - (answer)Subperiosteal hemorrhage that does not cross the suture lines surrounding
the respective bones; linear skull fracture rarely may be seen underlying this; over time, may organize,
calcify, form a central depression.
Cephalhematoma/Caput succedaneum - (answer)Require no specific treatment; a premie may develop a
massive scalp hemorrhage; this subgaleal bleeding & bleeding from cephalhematoma may cause indirect
hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy.
Cyanosis - (answer)Acrocyanosis is characterized by blue hands & feet while the rest of the body is pink;
common in delivery room and usually normal. However, central cyanosis of trunk, mucosal membranes,
& tongue can occur at any time after birth and is always a manifestation of a serious underlying
condition.
Apgar Score - (answer)Rapid scoring system based on physiological responses to birth process; assesses
need to resuscitate a newborn.
Apgar Score Timing - (answer)At 1 and 5 min. after birth, 5 physiological parameters noted.
Normal Apgar Score - (answer)Full-term infants with normal cardiopulmonary adaptation should score
8-9 at 1 & 5 min.
Apgar Score Monitoring - (answer)Scores of 4-7 monitored closely to determine if status will improve or
if any pathological condition is contributing to low score.
APGAR mnemonic - (answer)Appearance (skin color), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (reflex irritability),
Activity (muscle tone), Respiration (effort).
Apgar Score 0-3 - (answer)Represents either a cardiopulmonary arrest or condition caused by severe
bradycardia, hypoventilation, CNS depression.
Causes of Low Apgar Scores - (answer)Most low Apgar scores secondary to difficulty in establishing
adequate ventilation, not by primary cardiac pathology.
Apgar Scores with Asphyxia - (answer)In addition to score of 0-3, most with asphyxia severe enough to
cause neurological injury also manifest fetal acidosis (pH <7), seizures, coma, or hypotonia and
multiorgan dysfunction.
Apgar Scores from Fetal Hypoxia - (answer)Low scores from fetal hypoxia.
Response to Low Apgar Scores - (answer)Most with low Apgars respond to assisted ventilation; face
mask or ET intubation; usually do not need emergency meds.
Vital Signs - Pulse - (answer)Normal rate is 120-160 beats/min.
,Newborn Medicine (X)Exam 2025 – Key Pediatric Questions & 100% Verified Answer
Vital Signs - Respiratory Rate - (answer)Normal rate is 30-60 breaths/min.
Vital Signs - Temperature - (answer)Usually measured per rectum and later axillary.
Vital Signs - Blood Pressure - (answer)Often reserved for sick infants.
Growth Assessment - (answer)Assess for growth for specific gestational age that is normal, accelerated,
or retarded.
Average Size for Newborn - Weight - (answer)For full-term babies born between 37 - 41 weeks gestation
is about 7 lbs (3.2 kg).
Average Size for Newborn - Height - (answer)The average newborn is about 19 3/4 in long (50 cm).
Large for Gestational Age - (answer)Infants born at a weight > 90th percentile for age.
Small for Gestational Age - (answer)Infants born at a weight < 10th percentile for age; some growth
curves use < 2 standard deviations or the 5th %ile.
Prematurity Definition - (answer)Birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy is considered premature or born
too early.
Fontanels - (answer)Anterior and posterior fontanels should be soft and non-bulging; anterior should be
larger than the posterior.
Neonatal Torticollis - (answer)Shortening of the SCM with a fibrous tumor over the muscle; produces
head tilt & asymmetric facies.
, Newborn Medicine (X)Exam 2025 – Key Pediatric Questions & 100% Verified Answer
Clavicular Fractures - History - (answer)Usually unilateral, usually macrosomic infants, usually h/o
shoulder dystocia; snap is heard after a difficult delivery.
Clavicular Fractures - Exam - (answer)Asymmetric Moro response; decreased movement of the affected
side.
Clavicular Fractures - Prognosis - (answer)Excellent.
Clavicular Fractures - Treatment - (answer)May require no treatment or simple figure 8 bandage to
immobilize bone.
Umbilical Hernia - (answer)Protrusion in the area surrounding the navel at the site of the umbilicus in a
newborn; common during the initial routine well-baby checkups in first few months of life.
Caput succedaneum - (answer)Soft tissue of scalp, diffuse, edematous, often dark swelling that extends
across midline & suture lines, may follow prolonged labor in full-term & preterm infants, molding of
head often is associated, pressure w/ overriding parietal & frontal bones against sutures.
Cephalhematoma - (answer)Subperiosteal hemorrhage that does not cross the suture lines surrounding
the respective bones; linear skull fracture rarely may be seen underlying this; over time, may organize,
calcify, form a central depression.
Cephalhematoma/Caput succedaneum - (answer)Require no specific treatment; a premie may develop a
massive scalp hemorrhage; this subgaleal bleeding & bleeding from cephalhematoma may cause indirect
hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy.
Cyanosis - (answer)Acrocyanosis is characterized by blue hands & feet while the rest of the body is pink;
common in delivery room and usually normal. However, central cyanosis of trunk, mucosal membranes,
& tongue can occur at any time after birth and is always a manifestation of a serious underlying
condition.
