1|Page
National Counselor Examination Study Guide Questions and
Answers with Complete Solutions
Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________
A. Inside motivation
B. Interior motivation
C. Intrinsic motivation
D. Idealistic motivation - ANSWER C. Intrinsic motivation
Which of the following is not an example of extrinsic
motivation?
A. Employee performance improves when wages are increased
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
C. Children finish a task more quickly if they are promised candy
D. A student studies more on a test to make the highest grade
in the class - ANSWER B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict
sleep hygiene plan
Which of the following socioeconomic factor could affect the
outcome of therapeutic counseling? Choose all that apply.
,2|Page
A. Lack of transportation
B. Lack of intrinsic motivation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
D. None of the above - ANSWER A. Lack of transportation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
What is the meaning of transference/countertransference
relationships? Choose all that apply.
A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the
therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another
onto the client
C. Transferring the blame or outcome of behavior onto
someone else
D. None of the above - ANSWER A. A client transferring their
relationship with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another
onto the client
What is one instance that might cause a clinician to break the
strong code of client confidentiality?
A. Feeling the need to talk
,3|Page
B. Duty to warn
C. When the therapist is going on vacation
D. All of the above - ANSWER B. Duty to warn
Behavior Theory - ANSWER comes from the idea that all
behaviors are learned and acquired through a process known as
conditioning
What theory is most often associated with the psychologists B.F.
Skinner and John B. Watson? - ANSWER behavior theory
Behavior Therapy - ANSWER concentrates on the observable
behaviors of a person or group, and dismisses internal mental
states
Key components of Behavior theory: - ANSWER conditioning,
reinforcement, and punishment
What does behavioral theory NOT take into count? - ANSWER
the concepts of emotion or even the unconscious or
subconscious, as these states are subjective rather than
objective
, 4|Page
Behaviorists believe that all behavior can be what? - ANSWER
Trained
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER a process in which a subject
comes to respond to a stimulus that was previously considered
neutral, continued exposure to the stimulus will elicit a desired
response
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER a process in which a subject
engages in the correct behavior through the use of both
rewards and punishments for a response. The subject learns to
associate the behavior with the outcome
Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the
idea that human beings respond to their environment; external
stimuli, not internal stimuli? - ANSWER Watson - he believed
that all human beings could change their behavior through
classical or operant conditioning.
Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio,
variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval) - ANSWER B.F.
Skinner - behavioral theorist
National Counselor Examination Study Guide Questions and
Answers with Complete Solutions
Using motivation from 'within' is known as ______________
A. Inside motivation
B. Interior motivation
C. Intrinsic motivation
D. Idealistic motivation - ANSWER C. Intrinsic motivation
Which of the following is not an example of extrinsic
motivation?
A. Employee performance improves when wages are increased
B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict sleep hygiene plan
C. Children finish a task more quickly if they are promised candy
D. A student studies more on a test to make the highest grade
in the class - ANSWER B. A sleep apnea patient follows a strict
sleep hygiene plan
Which of the following socioeconomic factor could affect the
outcome of therapeutic counseling? Choose all that apply.
,2|Page
A. Lack of transportation
B. Lack of intrinsic motivation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
D. None of the above - ANSWER A. Lack of transportation
C. Lack of positive cultural norms for entering therapy
What is the meaning of transference/countertransference
relationships? Choose all that apply.
A. A client transferring their relationship with another onto the
therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another
onto the client
C. Transferring the blame or outcome of behavior onto
someone else
D. None of the above - ANSWER A. A client transferring their
relationship with another onto the therapist
B. The therapist transferring their relationship with another
onto the client
What is one instance that might cause a clinician to break the
strong code of client confidentiality?
A. Feeling the need to talk
,3|Page
B. Duty to warn
C. When the therapist is going on vacation
D. All of the above - ANSWER B. Duty to warn
Behavior Theory - ANSWER comes from the idea that all
behaviors are learned and acquired through a process known as
conditioning
What theory is most often associated with the psychologists B.F.
Skinner and John B. Watson? - ANSWER behavior theory
Behavior Therapy - ANSWER concentrates on the observable
behaviors of a person or group, and dismisses internal mental
states
Key components of Behavior theory: - ANSWER conditioning,
reinforcement, and punishment
What does behavioral theory NOT take into count? - ANSWER
the concepts of emotion or even the unconscious or
subconscious, as these states are subjective rather than
objective
, 4|Page
Behaviorists believe that all behavior can be what? - ANSWER
Trained
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER a process in which a subject
comes to respond to a stimulus that was previously considered
neutral, continued exposure to the stimulus will elicit a desired
response
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER a process in which a subject
engages in the correct behavior through the use of both
rewards and punishments for a response. The subject learns to
associate the behavior with the outcome
Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the
idea that human beings respond to their environment; external
stimuli, not internal stimuli? - ANSWER Watson - he believed
that all human beings could change their behavior through
classical or operant conditioning.
Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio,
variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval) - ANSWER B.F.
Skinner - behavioral theorist
