|||\\\
Portage Pathophysiology Module 2 exam |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
with correct answers
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cancer - correct answer✔✔- second leading cause of death in the United States
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- unregulated growth of abnormal cells.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
neoplasia - correct answer✔✔- means "new growth." |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- new growth itself is neoplasm
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Proliferation, - correct answer✔✔process of cell division, is an adaptive process for new cell |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Differentiation - correct answer✔✔process by which cells become more specialized with each |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
mitotic division. |||\\\
Apoptosis - correct answer✔✔eliminates senescent (old), damaged, or unwanted cells through
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a process of controlled cell death.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Proto-oncogenes - correct answer✔✔encode proteins that signal for the cell to proliferate |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
through a tightly regulated process |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
tumor suppressor genes - correct answer✔✔encode proteins that inhibit cell growth and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
signal (when necessary) for apoptosis
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cell cycle - correct answer✔✔- process by which a cell duplicates its genetic information and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
divides between two genetically identical daughter cells,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,|||\\\
- four phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
G1 (gap 1): DNA synthesis stops while the cell enlarges and both RNA and protein synthesis
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
begins.
S phase: DNA synthesis occurs, producing two separate sets of chromosomes, one for each
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
daughter cell. |||\\\
G2 (gap 2): DNA synthesis again stops while RNA/protein synthesis continues. These first three
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
phases are referred to as interphase. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
M phase: consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA) and cytoplasmic division. Continually
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
dividing cells, like the skin's squamous epithelium, continue to cycle from one mitotic division
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
to the next, while some cells go into a resting state known as G0. A resting phase (G0) may
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
occur when nutrients or growth factors are unavailable or when highly specialized cells first
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
leave the cell cycle. Cells in G0 may then re-enter the cell cycle when nutrients become
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
available, or the cell receives stimuli via growth factors, hormones, or other signals that trigger |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cell growth, such as blood loss or tissue injury. Notably, highly specialized and terminally
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
differentiated cells, like neurons, may permanently stay in G0 |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cell cycle checkpoints - correct answer✔✔a means of molecular surveillance used to ensure
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase. If not, the cycle is halted and allowed to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
complete its replication or even repair any DNA damage (when detected), thereby ensuring all |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the genetic information is passed on correctly.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Cell proliferation - correct answer✔✔process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Human cell categories: - correct answer✔✔1. gametes (ovum and sperm) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- haploid, one set of chromosomes from one parent
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-when fuse, become diploid somatic cells |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,|||\\\
2. somatic (non-reproductive) cells.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
3 groups of cells that proliferate: - correct answer✔✔(1) well-differentiated neurons and cells
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
of skeletal and cardiac muscles that rarely divide and reproduce;
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide and reproduce, such as blood, skin, and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
liver cells; |||\\\ |||\\\
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large numbers of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
progenitor cells if needed. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Cell differentiation - correct answer✔✔process by which cells become more specialized in
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
both their structure and function. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- resulting adult cell has a specific set of characteristics relative to its composition, function,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and turnover (lifespan) rates. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-example: generalized blood-forming cells in the bone marrow differentiate into specialized |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
adult red blood cells programmed to develop into concave disks and serve as an oxygen
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
transport for about three months. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
progenitor or parent cells - correct answer✔✔When specialized cells are unable to divide, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
these cell populations rely on progenitor or parent cells of the same lineage that are still able
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
to divide. Such cells are not yet fully differentiated to the same extent as mature specialized
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cells and yet are differentiated enough to give rise to daughter cells of the same lineage.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Stem cells - correct answer✔✔- remain incompletely differentiated and dormant until they are
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
needed.
|||\\\
- begin to divide, producing not only other stem cells, but also cells capable of carrying out the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
functions of the needed differentiated cell. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- When a stem cell divides, one daughter cell retains the stem cell characteristics, while the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
other daughter cell becomes a progenitor cell until it reaches a state of terminal differentiation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Two important properties that stem cells possess are - correct answer✔✔(1) self-renewal
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, |||\\\
- stem cell can undergo numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an undifferentiated state.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(2) potency |||\\\
- differentiation potential of stem cells.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Pluripotent stem cells, often referred to as 'master cells,' can potentially differentiate into any |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cell type. |||\\\
Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into only a few select types. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Unipotent stem cells are restricted to a single cell type but can maintain self-renewal. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Two types of stem cells: - correct answer✔✔(1) embryonic
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- play a major role in the developing embryo, giving rise to the three main germ layers
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) which in turn develop into all the organ systems of the |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
body.
(2) adult stem cells. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- have significant roles in homeostasis, contributing to tissue regeneration and replacement of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cells lost to apoptosis. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Oncology - correct answer✔✔-study or science of neoplasm |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
tumor - correct answer✔✔commonly used to refer to a cancerous mass of cells, can be caused
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
by inflammation and trauma too
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- either benign or malignant
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Benign neoplasms - correct answer✔✔- well-differentiated cells, resemble the cells of tissues
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
of origin, and have a slow, progressive rate of growth.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- expand, remain localized, do not metastasize
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- develop fibrous capsule (rim of connective tissue around the tumor)
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Portage Pathophysiology Module 2 exam |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
with correct answers
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cancer - correct answer✔✔- second leading cause of death in the United States
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- unregulated growth of abnormal cells.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
neoplasia - correct answer✔✔- means "new growth." |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- new growth itself is neoplasm
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Proliferation, - correct answer✔✔process of cell division, is an adaptive process for new cell |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Differentiation - correct answer✔✔process by which cells become more specialized with each |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
mitotic division. |||\\\
Apoptosis - correct answer✔✔eliminates senescent (old), damaged, or unwanted cells through
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
a process of controlled cell death.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Proto-oncogenes - correct answer✔✔encode proteins that signal for the cell to proliferate |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
through a tightly regulated process |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
tumor suppressor genes - correct answer✔✔encode proteins that inhibit cell growth and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
signal (when necessary) for apoptosis
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cell cycle - correct answer✔✔- process by which a cell duplicates its genetic information and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
divides between two genetically identical daughter cells,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,|||\\\
- four phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
G1 (gap 1): DNA synthesis stops while the cell enlarges and both RNA and protein synthesis
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
begins.
S phase: DNA synthesis occurs, producing two separate sets of chromosomes, one for each
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
daughter cell. |||\\\
G2 (gap 2): DNA synthesis again stops while RNA/protein synthesis continues. These first three
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
phases are referred to as interphase. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
M phase: consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA) and cytoplasmic division. Continually
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
dividing cells, like the skin's squamous epithelium, continue to cycle from one mitotic division
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
to the next, while some cells go into a resting state known as G0. A resting phase (G0) may
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
occur when nutrients or growth factors are unavailable or when highly specialized cells first
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
leave the cell cycle. Cells in G0 may then re-enter the cell cycle when nutrients become
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
available, or the cell receives stimuli via growth factors, hormones, or other signals that trigger |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cell growth, such as blood loss or tissue injury. Notably, highly specialized and terminally
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
differentiated cells, like neurons, may permanently stay in G0 |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cell cycle checkpoints - correct answer✔✔a means of molecular surveillance used to ensure
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase. If not, the cycle is halted and allowed to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
complete its replication or even repair any DNA damage (when detected), thereby ensuring all |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the genetic information is passed on correctly.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Cell proliferation - correct answer✔✔process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Human cell categories: - correct answer✔✔1. gametes (ovum and sperm) |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- haploid, one set of chromosomes from one parent
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-when fuse, become diploid somatic cells |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,|||\\\
2. somatic (non-reproductive) cells.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
3 groups of cells that proliferate: - correct answer✔✔(1) well-differentiated neurons and cells
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
of skeletal and cardiac muscles that rarely divide and reproduce;
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide and reproduce, such as blood, skin, and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
liver cells; |||\\\ |||\\\
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large numbers of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
progenitor cells if needed. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Cell differentiation - correct answer✔✔process by which cells become more specialized in
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
both their structure and function. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- resulting adult cell has a specific set of characteristics relative to its composition, function,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and turnover (lifespan) rates. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
-example: generalized blood-forming cells in the bone marrow differentiate into specialized |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
adult red blood cells programmed to develop into concave disks and serve as an oxygen
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
transport for about three months. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
progenitor or parent cells - correct answer✔✔When specialized cells are unable to divide, |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
these cell populations rely on progenitor or parent cells of the same lineage that are still able
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
to divide. Such cells are not yet fully differentiated to the same extent as mature specialized
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cells and yet are differentiated enough to give rise to daughter cells of the same lineage.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Stem cells - correct answer✔✔- remain incompletely differentiated and dormant until they are
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
needed.
|||\\\
- begin to divide, producing not only other stem cells, but also cells capable of carrying out the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
functions of the needed differentiated cell. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- When a stem cell divides, one daughter cell retains the stem cell characteristics, while the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
other daughter cell becomes a progenitor cell until it reaches a state of terminal differentiation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Two important properties that stem cells possess are - correct answer✔✔(1) self-renewal
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, |||\\\
- stem cell can undergo numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an undifferentiated state.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(2) potency |||\\\
- differentiation potential of stem cells.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Pluripotent stem cells, often referred to as 'master cells,' can potentially differentiate into any |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cell type. |||\\\
Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into only a few select types. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Unipotent stem cells are restricted to a single cell type but can maintain self-renewal. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Two types of stem cells: - correct answer✔✔(1) embryonic
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- play a major role in the developing embryo, giving rise to the three main germ layers
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) which in turn develop into all the organ systems of the |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
body.
(2) adult stem cells. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- have significant roles in homeostasis, contributing to tissue regeneration and replacement of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
cells lost to apoptosis. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Oncology - correct answer✔✔-study or science of neoplasm |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
tumor - correct answer✔✔commonly used to refer to a cancerous mass of cells, can be caused
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
by inflammation and trauma too
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- either benign or malignant
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Benign neoplasms - correct answer✔✔- well-differentiated cells, resemble the cells of tissues
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of origin, and have a slow, progressive rate of growth.
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- expand, remain localized, do not metastasize
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- develop fibrous capsule (rim of connective tissue around the tumor)
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