|||\\\
Portage Pathophysiology Problem Set |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Module 7 exam with correct answers |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What role(s) does the liver serve? - correct answer✔✔It produces bile; metabolizes hormones
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and drugs; synthesizes proteins, glucose, and clotting factors; stores vitamins and minerals and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
converts them to be useable by the body; changes ammonia to urea; and converts fatty acids
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
to ketones. The liver can store large amounts of glucose as glycogen; synthesize glucose from
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid during times of fasting or increased demand; convert
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
excess carbohydrates to triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue; major site for protein
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
synthesis and degradation. |||\\\ |||\\\
Mucosal Layer - correct answer✔✔Produces mucus that lubricates and protects the inner |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
surface of the alimentary canal; Secretes digestive enzymes and substances that break down
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
food; Absorbs the breakdown products of digestion; Maintains a barrier to prevent the entry of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
noxious substances and pathogenic organisms.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Submucosal Layer - correct answer✔✔blood vessels, nerves, and structures to secrete |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
digestive enzymes. |||\\\
Muscularis externa - correct answer✔✔inner layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and an outer layer of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle layers. These layers help move the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
contents through the GI tract.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Serosal layer - correct answer✔✔which is a serous membrane; outermost layer of organs,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
called the visceral peritoneum. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the mesentery? - correct answer✔✔The mesentery is the double layer of peritoneum
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
that encloses a portion or all of one of the abdominal viscera and attaches it to the abdominal
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
wall. Included in the mesentery are blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the intestinal wall. It also holds the organs in place and stores fat.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, |||\\\
What is the omentum? - correct answer✔✔The omentum is a double-layered extension or
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
fold of peritoneum that passes from the stomach to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity or
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
wall. The greater omentum contains fat and has a lot of mobility to follow the movements of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the intestines.
|||\\\
Explain the difference between rhythmic and tonic movements: - correct answer✔✔Rhythmic
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
movements are intermittent contractions that help to mix and move food along. They are |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
found in the esophagus, antrum of the stomach, and small intestine. Tonic movements have a
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
constant level of contraction or tone without regular periods of relaxation. They are located in
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the lower esophagus, the upper region of the stomach, the ileocecal valve, and the internal
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
anal sphincter. |||\\\
What is the enteric nervous system? - correct answer✔✔The myenteric and submucosal
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
plexuses both make up the enteric nervous system, located in the wall of the GI tract. These
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
two plexuses are networks of nerve fibers and ganglion cell bodies. Interneurons connect
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
afferent sensory fibers, efferent motor neurons, and secretory cells to form reflex circuits.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What are the myenteric and submucosal plexuses? - correct answer✔✔The myenteric
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(Auerbach) plexus is a linear chain of interconnecting neurons located between the circular and |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
longitudinal muscle layers. It is involved with GI motility. The submucosal (Meissner) plexus lies
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
between the mucosal and muscle layers of the intestinal wall, and is involved with controlling
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
secretions, absorption, and contraction of each segment of the intestinal tract. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Explain how the stomach churns food: - correct answer✔✔The stomach churns and mixes
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
food in a peristaltic fashion of 3-5 contractions per minute, each lasting 2-20 seconds.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Contraction of the antrum pushes food toward the closed pyloric sphincter. Larger particles are |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
returned to the body of the stomach for further churning. The other contents are emptied into
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the duodenum between contractions.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Describe the 2 patterns of contraction in the small intestine: - correct answer✔✔Segmentation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
waves are slow contractions of the circular muscle layer. They occlude the lumen and push the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
contents forward and backward. Segmentation waves use 1 to 4 cm of intestine at a time.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Portage Pathophysiology Problem Set |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Module 7 exam with correct answers |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What role(s) does the liver serve? - correct answer✔✔It produces bile; metabolizes hormones
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and drugs; synthesizes proteins, glucose, and clotting factors; stores vitamins and minerals and
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
converts them to be useable by the body; changes ammonia to urea; and converts fatty acids
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
to ketones. The liver can store large amounts of glucose as glycogen; synthesize glucose from
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid during times of fasting or increased demand; convert
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
excess carbohydrates to triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue; major site for protein
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
synthesis and degradation. |||\\\ |||\\\
Mucosal Layer - correct answer✔✔Produces mucus that lubricates and protects the inner |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
surface of the alimentary canal; Secretes digestive enzymes and substances that break down
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
food; Absorbs the breakdown products of digestion; Maintains a barrier to prevent the entry of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
noxious substances and pathogenic organisms.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Submucosal Layer - correct answer✔✔blood vessels, nerves, and structures to secrete |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
digestive enzymes. |||\\\
Muscularis externa - correct answer✔✔inner layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
and an outer layer of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle layers. These layers help move the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
contents through the GI tract.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Serosal layer - correct answer✔✔which is a serous membrane; outermost layer of organs,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
called the visceral peritoneum. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What is the mesentery? - correct answer✔✔The mesentery is the double layer of peritoneum
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
that encloses a portion or all of one of the abdominal viscera and attaches it to the abdominal
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
wall. Included in the mesentery are blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the intestinal wall. It also holds the organs in place and stores fat.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, |||\\\
What is the omentum? - correct answer✔✔The omentum is a double-layered extension or
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
fold of peritoneum that passes from the stomach to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity or
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
wall. The greater omentum contains fat and has a lot of mobility to follow the movements of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the intestines.
|||\\\
Explain the difference between rhythmic and tonic movements: - correct answer✔✔Rhythmic
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
movements are intermittent contractions that help to mix and move food along. They are |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
found in the esophagus, antrum of the stomach, and small intestine. Tonic movements have a
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
constant level of contraction or tone without regular periods of relaxation. They are located in
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the lower esophagus, the upper region of the stomach, the ileocecal valve, and the internal
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
anal sphincter. |||\\\
What is the enteric nervous system? - correct answer✔✔The myenteric and submucosal
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
plexuses both make up the enteric nervous system, located in the wall of the GI tract. These
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
two plexuses are networks of nerve fibers and ganglion cell bodies. Interneurons connect
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
afferent sensory fibers, efferent motor neurons, and secretory cells to form reflex circuits.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
What are the myenteric and submucosal plexuses? - correct answer✔✔The myenteric
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(Auerbach) plexus is a linear chain of interconnecting neurons located between the circular and |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
longitudinal muscle layers. It is involved with GI motility. The submucosal (Meissner) plexus lies
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
between the mucosal and muscle layers of the intestinal wall, and is involved with controlling
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
secretions, absorption, and contraction of each segment of the intestinal tract. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Explain how the stomach churns food: - correct answer✔✔The stomach churns and mixes
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
food in a peristaltic fashion of 3-5 contractions per minute, each lasting 2-20 seconds.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Contraction of the antrum pushes food toward the closed pyloric sphincter. Larger particles are |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
returned to the body of the stomach for further churning. The other contents are emptied into
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the duodenum between contractions.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Describe the 2 patterns of contraction in the small intestine: - correct answer✔✔Segmentation
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
waves are slow contractions of the circular muscle layer. They occlude the lumen and push the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
contents forward and backward. Segmentation waves use 1 to 4 cm of intestine at a time.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
