Anatomy and Physiology cumulative
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1. List & recognize examples of "levels of orga- • Chemical level: Atoms organized into
nization" molecules
• Cellular Level: Molecules are organized
into cells
• Tissue Level: Cells are organized into
tissues to perform a particular function
• Organ Level: Structures that are com-
posed of 2 or more different types of
tissues, that have specific functions and
usually recognizable shapes
• Organ System: Consists of related or-
gans with a common function
• Organismal: All the systems are struc-
turally integrated and function coopera-
tively to constitute the total organism
2. The body systems, their functions & major • 1.Skeletal system: Bones, associat-
organs ed cartilages, joints: Strength, Support,
Shape, Protection, Cell Production
• 2.Muscular System: Skeletal Muscle,
Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle: Motor
power for movements of body parts
• 3 Nervous System: Brain, Spinal cord,
Nerves, Nerve Endings: Control and Co-
ordination of all body functions
• 4.Respiratory System: Lungs, Nose, Tra-
chea, Bronchi, Pharynx, Larynx: Absorp-
tion of oxygen, discharge of carbon diox-
ide, acid-base balance, and speech
• 5.Circulatory System: Heart, Blood
vessels: Flow of blood, and nutri-
ents, oxygen, wastes, hormones, elec-
, Anatomy and Physiology cumulative
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trolytes, heat, immune cells and antibod-
ies throughout the body
• 6.Lymphatic system: Lymph vessels,
Ventral lymphoid tissue, Peripheral Lym-
phoid organs, Lymphocytes: Drainage
and Protection
• 7.Endocrine System: Pituitary Gland,
Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal glands,
Pancreas, Testes, Ovary and Liver: Regu-
lation of body functions
• 8.Digestive System: Oral cavity, Esopha-
gus, Stomach, Small and Large intestine,
Anus, Liver, Pancreas: Digestion and ab-
sorption of food
• 9.Urinary System: Kidneys, Ureters,
Urinary bladder, Urethra: Regulation of
body's internal environment and produc-
tion and excretion of urine
• 10.Reproductive system: Penis, Testes,
Uterus, Ovaries: Formation of sperms
and semen, eggs, fertilizing female, and
bearing the fetus during development
• 11. Integumentary system: Skin, hair,
nails, cutaneous glands: Protection, wa-
ter retention, thermoregulation, vitamin
D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, non-
verbal communication
3. List the body cavities & the four quadrants. Cavities:
What organs are found in each cavity and • Thoracic: Pleural and Pericardial Cavity:
quadrant? Name BOTH layers of the lin- Lungs and Heart: Pleurae, Pericardium
• Abdominal: Digestive Organs, spleen,
, Anatomy and Physiology cumulative
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ing membrane around the lungs, heart, in- kidneys: Peritoneum
testines & other abdominal viscera • Pelvic: Bladder, Rectum, Reproductive
orangs: Peritoneum
• Cranial: Brain: Meninges
• Vertebral: Spinal cord: Meninges
Quadrants:
• Right Upper: Liver, Gallbladder, Due-
denom, Head of Pancreas, Right Adrenal
gland
• Left Upper: Stomach, 10th rib, Spleen,
Pancreas, Left Adrenal gland,
• Right Lower: Cecum, Appendix, Right
Ovary, Right fallopian tube, Right ureter,
Right Spermatic cord
• Left Lower: Sigmoid colon, Left ovary,
Left fallopian tube, Left ureter, Left sper-
matic cord
Linings of membranes:
• Heart: Visceral Pericardium Lines heart
and Parietal Pericardium surrounds the
visceral pericardium
• Lungs: Visceral Pleura lines lungs and
Parietal Pleura lines the thoracic wall
• Abdominal: Visceral Peritoneum lines
ab organs and Parietal Peritoneum lines
abdominal walls
4. Define homeostasis. What is a positive feed- • Homeostasis: The tendency of a living
back loop? A negative feedback loop? Recog- body to maintain relatively stable internal
nize examples of negative feedback & posi- conditions in spite of greater changes in
tive feedback. What is the effect on the con- its external environment. Loss of homeo-
trolled variable? Or, compare/ contrast posi- static control causes illness or death. The
, Anatomy and Physiology cumulative
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2upp43
tive & negative feedback in terms of the rela- state of the body fluctuates within limited
tionship between stimulus & response. range around a set point
• Negative feedback keeps variable close
to the set point; Too hot, sweat; Too cold,
shiver, goose bumps. Negative feedback
loop is where the body senses change
and activates a mechanism that reverses
it; key to maintaining health
• Positive feedback is a self amplifying cy-
cle in which a physiological change leads
to even greater change in the same di-
rection; example: during child birth, the
head of the fetus pushes against the
cervix and stimulates its nerve endings
• Negative Feedback is a process in which
the body senses a change and activates
mechanisms that negate or reverse it.
Maintains stability and is the key mech-
anism for maintaining health. A homeo-
static imbalance would be falling blood
pressure.
Positive feedback is a physiological
change that leads to even greater change
in the same direction. Does NOT cor-
rect negative feedback. Produces rapid
change. A homeostatic imbalance would
be a high fever.
5. What are the major body systems involved • Nervous system and the circulatory sys-
with maintaining homeostasis? tem, endocrine
6.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2upp43
1. List & recognize examples of "levels of orga- • Chemical level: Atoms organized into
nization" molecules
• Cellular Level: Molecules are organized
into cells
• Tissue Level: Cells are organized into
tissues to perform a particular function
• Organ Level: Structures that are com-
posed of 2 or more different types of
tissues, that have specific functions and
usually recognizable shapes
• Organ System: Consists of related or-
gans with a common function
• Organismal: All the systems are struc-
turally integrated and function coopera-
tively to constitute the total organism
2. The body systems, their functions & major • 1.Skeletal system: Bones, associat-
organs ed cartilages, joints: Strength, Support,
Shape, Protection, Cell Production
• 2.Muscular System: Skeletal Muscle,
Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle: Motor
power for movements of body parts
• 3 Nervous System: Brain, Spinal cord,
Nerves, Nerve Endings: Control and Co-
ordination of all body functions
• 4.Respiratory System: Lungs, Nose, Tra-
chea, Bronchi, Pharynx, Larynx: Absorp-
tion of oxygen, discharge of carbon diox-
ide, acid-base balance, and speech
• 5.Circulatory System: Heart, Blood
vessels: Flow of blood, and nutri-
ents, oxygen, wastes, hormones, elec-
, Anatomy and Physiology cumulative
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2upp43
trolytes, heat, immune cells and antibod-
ies throughout the body
• 6.Lymphatic system: Lymph vessels,
Ventral lymphoid tissue, Peripheral Lym-
phoid organs, Lymphocytes: Drainage
and Protection
• 7.Endocrine System: Pituitary Gland,
Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal glands,
Pancreas, Testes, Ovary and Liver: Regu-
lation of body functions
• 8.Digestive System: Oral cavity, Esopha-
gus, Stomach, Small and Large intestine,
Anus, Liver, Pancreas: Digestion and ab-
sorption of food
• 9.Urinary System: Kidneys, Ureters,
Urinary bladder, Urethra: Regulation of
body's internal environment and produc-
tion and excretion of urine
• 10.Reproductive system: Penis, Testes,
Uterus, Ovaries: Formation of sperms
and semen, eggs, fertilizing female, and
bearing the fetus during development
• 11. Integumentary system: Skin, hair,
nails, cutaneous glands: Protection, wa-
ter retention, thermoregulation, vitamin
D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, non-
verbal communication
3. List the body cavities & the four quadrants. Cavities:
What organs are found in each cavity and • Thoracic: Pleural and Pericardial Cavity:
quadrant? Name BOTH layers of the lin- Lungs and Heart: Pleurae, Pericardium
• Abdominal: Digestive Organs, spleen,
, Anatomy and Physiology cumulative
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2upp43
ing membrane around the lungs, heart, in- kidneys: Peritoneum
testines & other abdominal viscera • Pelvic: Bladder, Rectum, Reproductive
orangs: Peritoneum
• Cranial: Brain: Meninges
• Vertebral: Spinal cord: Meninges
Quadrants:
• Right Upper: Liver, Gallbladder, Due-
denom, Head of Pancreas, Right Adrenal
gland
• Left Upper: Stomach, 10th rib, Spleen,
Pancreas, Left Adrenal gland,
• Right Lower: Cecum, Appendix, Right
Ovary, Right fallopian tube, Right ureter,
Right Spermatic cord
• Left Lower: Sigmoid colon, Left ovary,
Left fallopian tube, Left ureter, Left sper-
matic cord
Linings of membranes:
• Heart: Visceral Pericardium Lines heart
and Parietal Pericardium surrounds the
visceral pericardium
• Lungs: Visceral Pleura lines lungs and
Parietal Pleura lines the thoracic wall
• Abdominal: Visceral Peritoneum lines
ab organs and Parietal Peritoneum lines
abdominal walls
4. Define homeostasis. What is a positive feed- • Homeostasis: The tendency of a living
back loop? A negative feedback loop? Recog- body to maintain relatively stable internal
nize examples of negative feedback & posi- conditions in spite of greater changes in
tive feedback. What is the effect on the con- its external environment. Loss of homeo-
trolled variable? Or, compare/ contrast posi- static control causes illness or death. The
, Anatomy and Physiology cumulative
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2upp43
tive & negative feedback in terms of the rela- state of the body fluctuates within limited
tionship between stimulus & response. range around a set point
• Negative feedback keeps variable close
to the set point; Too hot, sweat; Too cold,
shiver, goose bumps. Negative feedback
loop is where the body senses change
and activates a mechanism that reverses
it; key to maintaining health
• Positive feedback is a self amplifying cy-
cle in which a physiological change leads
to even greater change in the same di-
rection; example: during child birth, the
head of the fetus pushes against the
cervix and stimulates its nerve endings
• Negative Feedback is a process in which
the body senses a change and activates
mechanisms that negate or reverse it.
Maintains stability and is the key mech-
anism for maintaining health. A homeo-
static imbalance would be falling blood
pressure.
Positive feedback is a physiological
change that leads to even greater change
in the same direction. Does NOT cor-
rect negative feedback. Produces rapid
change. A homeostatic imbalance would
be a high fever.
5. What are the major body systems involved • Nervous system and the circulatory sys-
with maintaining homeostasis? tem, endocrine
6.
