PORTAGE LEARNING A&P II FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Loop of Henle - CORRECT-ANSWER-section of the nephron tubule
|| || || || || || || ||
that is responsible for conserving water and minimizing the volume
|| || || || || || || || || ||
of the filtrate
|| || ||
- DESCENDING LIMB: allows for WATER LOSS || || || || ||
- ASCENDING LIMB: allows for SALT LOSS
|| || || || ||
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) system - CORRECT-ANSWER- || || || ||
ANGIOTENSINOGEN:
- LIVER pre-enzyme that systematically circulates
|| || || ||
- RENIN converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
|| || || || ||
- in LUNGS => angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II (triggers thirst)
|| || || || || || || || || ||
,- angiotensin II increases vasoconstriction to increase BP
|| || || || || ||
- at ADRENAL CORTEX => angiotensin II causes release of
|| || || || || || || ||
ALDOSTERONE- aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption from
|| || || || || ||
filtrate, INDIRECTLY increasing water volume (BP) as well
|| || || || || || || ||
RENIN: enzyme released when BP is LOW by JUXTAGLOMERULAR
|| || || || || || || ||
CELLS of the nephron
|| || || ||
- causes constriction of afferent AND efferent arterioles
|| || || || || ||
- converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
|| || || || ||
ADH - CORRECT-ANSWER-produced by the hypothalamus, secreted
|| || || || || ||
by the posterior pituitary gland, released in response to changes
|| || || || || || || || || ||
in blood osmolarity (pressure)
|| || || ||
- inhibits UO by increasing the number of channels in the
|| || || || || || || || ||
collecting ducts => increasing water reabsorption from filtrate
|| || || || || || || ||
into blood to increase blood volume (pressure)
|| || || || || || ||
- more ADH = more [solutes] in filtrate
|| || || || || ||
3 methods to maintain blood pH - CORRECT-ANSWER-1. CHEMICAL
|| || || || || || || ||
BUFFER SYSTEM => act to minimize changes in pH by having weak
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
acids/bases react with free OH- and H+ in solution
|| || || || || || || || ||
,- fast-acting
- 3 systems: bicarbonate, phosphate, protein
|| || || ||
2. RESPIRATORY CONTROL MECHANISM => controls [CO2] in blood || || || || || || ||
and adjusts RR accordingly
|| || || ||
- increase RR = increase pCO2 = decrease pH
|| || || || || || ||
- decrease RR = decrease pCO2 = increase pH
|| || || || || || ||
- Normal range: 35-45mm || ||
- fast-acting
3. RENAL CONTROL MECHANISM => acid/base removal by ONLY
|| || || || || || ||
the kidneys
|| ||
- much slower mechanism, but has a more lasting impact on pH levels
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
- reabsorbing or excreting bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) || || || || ||
- increase HCO3- in blood = decrease pH
|| || || || || ||
- decrease HCO3 in blood = increase pH || || || || || ||
Blood flow through kidneys - CORRECT-ANSWER-Renal Aretey--->
|| || || || || ||
Segmental Arteries-------> Lobar Arteries --------> Interlobar Arteries --
|| || || || || || || ||
---
---> Arcuate Arteries -------> Interlobular Arteries-------- > Afferent
|| || || || || ||
, Arteriole------> Glomerular Capillaries------> Efferent Arterioles------ >
|| || || ||
Peritubular Capillaries OR Vasa Recta Capillaries ------ > Interlobular
|| || || || || ||
Veins------> Arcuate Veins-----> Interlobar Veins --- > Renal Vein
|| || || || || ||
Normal blood serum values - CORRECT-ANSWER-pH = 7.35-7.45
|| || || || || || ||
pCO2 = 35-45mm
|| || ||
[HCO3-] = 22-26 mEq/L
|| || ||
Respiratory acidosis ||
Metabolic acidosis
|| ||
Respiratory alkalosis
|| ||
Metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT-ANSWER-Respiratory acidosis =>
|| || || || ||
decrease pH, increase pCO2
|| || || ||
- IF COMPENSATION => increase [HCO3]
|| || || ||
Metabolic acidosis => decrease pH, decrease [HCO3]
|| || || || || ||
- IF COMPENSATION => decrease pCO2
|| || || ||
Respiratory alkalosis => increase pH, decrease pCO2
|| || || || || ||
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Loop of Henle - CORRECT-ANSWER-section of the nephron tubule
|| || || || || || || ||
that is responsible for conserving water and minimizing the volume
|| || || || || || || || || ||
of the filtrate
|| || ||
- DESCENDING LIMB: allows for WATER LOSS || || || || ||
- ASCENDING LIMB: allows for SALT LOSS
|| || || || ||
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) system - CORRECT-ANSWER- || || || ||
ANGIOTENSINOGEN:
- LIVER pre-enzyme that systematically circulates
|| || || ||
- RENIN converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
|| || || || ||
- in LUNGS => angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II (triggers thirst)
|| || || || || || || || || ||
,- angiotensin II increases vasoconstriction to increase BP
|| || || || || ||
- at ADRENAL CORTEX => angiotensin II causes release of
|| || || || || || || ||
ALDOSTERONE- aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption from
|| || || || || ||
filtrate, INDIRECTLY increasing water volume (BP) as well
|| || || || || || || ||
RENIN: enzyme released when BP is LOW by JUXTAGLOMERULAR
|| || || || || || || ||
CELLS of the nephron
|| || || ||
- causes constriction of afferent AND efferent arterioles
|| || || || || ||
- converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
|| || || || ||
ADH - CORRECT-ANSWER-produced by the hypothalamus, secreted
|| || || || || ||
by the posterior pituitary gland, released in response to changes
|| || || || || || || || || ||
in blood osmolarity (pressure)
|| || || ||
- inhibits UO by increasing the number of channels in the
|| || || || || || || || ||
collecting ducts => increasing water reabsorption from filtrate
|| || || || || || || ||
into blood to increase blood volume (pressure)
|| || || || || || ||
- more ADH = more [solutes] in filtrate
|| || || || || ||
3 methods to maintain blood pH - CORRECT-ANSWER-1. CHEMICAL
|| || || || || || || ||
BUFFER SYSTEM => act to minimize changes in pH by having weak
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
acids/bases react with free OH- and H+ in solution
|| || || || || || || || ||
,- fast-acting
- 3 systems: bicarbonate, phosphate, protein
|| || || ||
2. RESPIRATORY CONTROL MECHANISM => controls [CO2] in blood || || || || || || ||
and adjusts RR accordingly
|| || || ||
- increase RR = increase pCO2 = decrease pH
|| || || || || || ||
- decrease RR = decrease pCO2 = increase pH
|| || || || || || ||
- Normal range: 35-45mm || ||
- fast-acting
3. RENAL CONTROL MECHANISM => acid/base removal by ONLY
|| || || || || || ||
the kidneys
|| ||
- much slower mechanism, but has a more lasting impact on pH levels
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
- reabsorbing or excreting bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) || || || || ||
- increase HCO3- in blood = decrease pH
|| || || || || ||
- decrease HCO3 in blood = increase pH || || || || || ||
Blood flow through kidneys - CORRECT-ANSWER-Renal Aretey--->
|| || || || || ||
Segmental Arteries-------> Lobar Arteries --------> Interlobar Arteries --
|| || || || || || || ||
---
---> Arcuate Arteries -------> Interlobular Arteries-------- > Afferent
|| || || || || ||
, Arteriole------> Glomerular Capillaries------> Efferent Arterioles------ >
|| || || ||
Peritubular Capillaries OR Vasa Recta Capillaries ------ > Interlobular
|| || || || || ||
Veins------> Arcuate Veins-----> Interlobar Veins --- > Renal Vein
|| || || || || ||
Normal blood serum values - CORRECT-ANSWER-pH = 7.35-7.45
|| || || || || || ||
pCO2 = 35-45mm
|| || ||
[HCO3-] = 22-26 mEq/L
|| || ||
Respiratory acidosis ||
Metabolic acidosis
|| ||
Respiratory alkalosis
|| ||
Metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT-ANSWER-Respiratory acidosis =>
|| || || || ||
decrease pH, increase pCO2
|| || || ||
- IF COMPENSATION => increase [HCO3]
|| || || ||
Metabolic acidosis => decrease pH, decrease [HCO3]
|| || || || || ||
- IF COMPENSATION => decrease pCO2
|| || || ||
Respiratory alkalosis => increase pH, decrease pCO2
|| || || || || ||
