Portage Learning A&P I Final Exam
questions and answers
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.
| | | | | | |
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
| | | | | | | | |
True or False? | |
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F) | | | | | | | |
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
| | | | | | | | | | |
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T | | | | | | | | | | | |
or F)
| |
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell | | | | | | | | | | |
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
smaller cell? Explain why.
| | | |
I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in order
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
for respiration to occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
is very critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the diffusion of gases
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells will have a smaller surface to volume ratio and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
diffusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less active respiration; and, on the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to volume ratio and an
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
improved diffusion rate, so the higher rate and more active respiration.
| | | | | | | | | | |
,The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
| | | | | | |
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
| | | | | | | | |
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?
| | | | | | | |
During swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration
| | | | | | | | | | |
by covering the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
esophagus; and, preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
| | | | | | | | | |
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: Oropharynx
| | | | | | | | | | |
Label the following five items from the diagram:| | | | | | |
Label B- | |
Label D-
| | |
Label E-
| | | |
Label F-
| | |
Label G-
| | |
B - Oral Cavity
| | |
D - Epiglottis
| |
E - Glottis
| |
F - Trachea
| |
G - Esophagus
| |
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:
| | | | | | | | | |
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
| | | | | | |
,Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin)
| | | | | | | | |
might develop gastric/stomach ulcers.
| | | |
Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces | | | | | | | | | |
excess secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts as a
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess
| | | | | | | | |
amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
| | | | | | | | |
Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
system.
|
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. 3:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
4: |
7: |
9: |
10: |
3. Stomach
|
4. Gallbladder
|
7. Jejunum
|
9. Appendix
|
10. Rectum |
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
| | | | | | | | |
| Answer the following essay question: | | | |
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
and mucous, secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells
| | | | | | | | | | |
produce HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin,
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
and gastric lipase.
| | |
, The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete
| | | | | | | | | | |
hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
activation of pepsin.
| | |
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the
| | | | | | | | | |
chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen
| | | | | | | | | | |
(secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
breakdown of proteins.
| | |
Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below:
| | | | | | | | | |
1: |
3:
5:
7: |
8: |
1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses 3:
| | | |
| Maxilla
5: Vomer
|
7: Maxilla
|
8: Mandible
|
Label the bones in the figure below:
| | | | | |
A:
| |
B: |
C: |
D: |
E: |
questions and answers
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.
| | | | | | |
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
| | | | | | | | |
True or False? | |
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F) | | | | | | | |
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
| | | | | | | | | | |
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T | | | | | | | | | | | |
or F)
| |
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell | | | | | | | | | | |
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
smaller cell? Explain why.
| | | |
I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in order
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
for respiration to occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
is very critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the diffusion of gases
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells will have a smaller surface to volume ratio and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
diffusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less active respiration; and, on the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to volume ratio and an
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
improved diffusion rate, so the higher rate and more active respiration.
| | | | | | | | | | |
,The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
| | | | | | |
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
| | | | | | | | |
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?
| | | | | | | |
During swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration
| | | | | | | | | | |
by covering the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
esophagus; and, preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
| | | | | | | | | |
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: Oropharynx
| | | | | | | | | | |
Label the following five items from the diagram:| | | | | | |
Label B- | |
Label D-
| | |
Label E-
| | | |
Label F-
| | |
Label G-
| | |
B - Oral Cavity
| | |
D - Epiglottis
| |
E - Glottis
| |
F - Trachea
| |
G - Esophagus
| |
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:
| | | | | | | | | |
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
| | | | | | |
,Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin)
| | | | | | | | |
might develop gastric/stomach ulcers.
| | | |
Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces | | | | | | | | | |
excess secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts as a
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess
| | | | | | | | |
amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
| | | | | | | | |
Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
system.
|
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. 3:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
4: |
7: |
9: |
10: |
3. Stomach
|
4. Gallbladder
|
7. Jejunum
|
9. Appendix
|
10. Rectum |
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
| | | | | | | | |
| Answer the following essay question: | | | |
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
and mucous, secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells
| | | | | | | | | | |
produce HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin,
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
and gastric lipase.
| | |
, The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete
| | | | | | | | | | |
hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
activation of pepsin.
| | |
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the
| | | | | | | | | |
chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen
| | | | | | | | | | |
(secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
breakdown of proteins.
| | |
Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below:
| | | | | | | | | |
1: |
3:
5:
7: |
8: |
1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses 3:
| | | |
| Maxilla
5: Vomer
|
7: Maxilla
|
8: Mandible
|
Label the bones in the figure below:
| | | | | |
A:
| |
B: |
C: |
D: |
E: |
