Fundamental Theoretical Base of Nursing and Nursing Practice Chapter 1 Exam 2025

Fundamental Theoretical Base of Nursing and Nursing Practice Chapter 1 Exam 2025 Grand Theories - -Abstract and theoretical, broad, global; not specific, and difficult to test in nursing practice. Middle-range Theories - -More specific, clear concepts, narrow focus, may be generalized to multiple settings, can be tested directly. Practice Theories - -Theory to bedside practice; guides nursing care of specific populations and situations, built on other theories. Florence Nightengale - -Concept of the Environment. Was the first nursing theory to focus on illness prevention and infection control through fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, sanitation, and sunlight. She theorized that adaptations to the patients environments allowed for energy conservation and optimal healing. Hildegard Peplau - -Focused on the interpersonal roles between the nurse and the patient in her Theory of Interpersonal Relations. This theory helps nurses develop therapeutic interactions and interventions. This theory is prominent in mental health nursing. Virginia Henderson - -Define nursing as assisting a patient to increase his or her independence. Her theoretical concepts were based on Maslow's hierarchy of human needs and emphasize how nurses can assist in meeting patients basic needs. Martha Rogers - -Developed the science of unitary human beings. essential to this theory is the belief that each being is unique and must be looked at as a whole, which includes his or her environment. Sister Callista Roy - -Adaptation model presents a method for nurses to help patients adapt to changes physiologically, in self-concept, in their role, and in interdependence. Adaptation occurs when the patient responds positively, leading to more favorable health outcomes. Dorothea Orem - -Self-care deficit theory of nursing reflect that patients heal more quickly when they are able to perform their own self-care independently. Nurse helps increase patients independence. Nursing Nursing Imogene M. King - -Theory of goal attainment is based on patients needs. The nurse and patient communicate together to set goals to achieve those needs. Betty Neuman - -Systems model includes viewing the patients health hollistically: physiologically, psychologically, sociologically, and developmentally. This theory is based on the holistic response to stress. Madeline Leininger - -Cultural care theory provides a basis of culturally congruent care and includes the concept of transcultural nursing. This assists nurses in providing holistic comprehensive care to support patients health in a culturally meaningful way. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse - -Formulated the Theory of Human Becoming, which focuses on the quality of life from each patients own perspective. Patients are constantly changing, and their health and wellness are given meaning through how they live in their environment. Jean Watson - -Theory of human caring provides direction on how nurses care for their patients rather than focusing on the tasks they do. Emphasis is on how caring is central to nursing practice, which promotes growth, health, and healing. Psychosocial Theory of Development and Socialization - -Based in psychology and social functioning. The developmental theory states that individuals need to accomplish tasks in eight stages of psychosocial development. Unsuccessful resolution at a particular developmental stage may result in behavior that is not age-appropriate. Nurses use concepts from this developmental theory to care for their patients at various stages in their life. Change Theory - -Change is a dynamic process that is often met with discomfort because of the unknown. Individuals encountered by nurses are usually experiencing some type of alteration that is a deviation from their norm. An awareness of change theory assists the nurse in comprehending what patients are experiencing and can help the nurse ease patients transition to their new normal. Lewin's change theory - -Explains change as a three step process. Unfreeze Movement Refreeze Unfreeze - -Changing ones mindset and letting go of an old pattern. Example: The nurse manager identifies the need to change staffing schedules and assignments based on the need to address recent staff shortages and the hiring of new staff members. Movement - -The implementation stage when the process of change takes place. Example: The announcement is made to all staff members who will be affected by the change, after which the change is put into effect. Nursing Refreeze - -The completion of the change and making it a new habit. Example: Several weeks later, all changes are in effect, and staff members voice acceptance of and happiness with the changes.