Solution Manual for
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ki Statistics for Nursing
ki ki
ki ResearchAWorkbook for
ki ki ki
ki Evidence-Based Practice ki
ki 4th Edition Susan Grove
ki ki ki
ki Daisha
, AnswerGuidelinesforQuestionstoBeGraded ki ki ki ki ki ki
ki
Measurement:Nominal,
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ik
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1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
rationale for your answer.
ki ki ki ki
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
2019).
ki
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
kyour answer.
i ki
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i
for this sample.
k i k i ki
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ik ki ki ki
Knapp, 2017).
ki ki
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study: ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
k What category identifies your current income as an RN?
i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
a. Less than $50,000 ki ki
b. $50,000 to 59,999 ki ki
c. $60,000 to 69,999 ki ki
d. $70,000 to 80,000 ki ki
e. $80,000 or greater ki ki
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i
AG 1-1 ki
,AG 1-2 ki Answer Guidelines for Questions to BeGraded ki ki ki ki ki ki
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki k i ki
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019;
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Waltz et al., 2017).
ki ki ki ki
5. What level of measurement isthe CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp-
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the
k i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
k i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory,
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
2017). ki
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance
k i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
of this result.
ki ki ki
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with theki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
ki i
k ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects
ki i
k ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki k i ki
NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with
k i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
percent (%).
ki ki
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i
included k 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The
i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i
number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The
k i k i k i ki k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i ki k i
group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total
k i k i k i k i ki k i k i k i k i k i k i ki
sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% =
k i k i k i ki k i k i k i ki k i k i ki k i k i k i ki k i
0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole
ki k i ki k i ki k i ki k i k i ki k i k i k i k i k i k i
percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients
k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i ki ki ki ki ki ki
treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
antidepressant.
ki
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful in
k i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
clinical practice?
ki ki
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
ki k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i
status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain
k i ki k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i
functional status of cardiac patients.
k i k i ki ki ki
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to BeGraded
ki ki ki ki ki ki AG 1-3 ki
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement for
k i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
with values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale and
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics, such
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
ki ki
ki Statistics for Nursing
ki ki
ki ResearchAWorkbook for
ki ki ki
ki Evidence-Based Practice ki
ki 4th Edition Susan Grove
ki ki ki
ki Daisha
, AnswerGuidelinesforQuestionstoBeGraded ki ki ki ki ki ki
ki
Measurement:Nominal,
k i k i
ik
k i
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
rationale for your answer.
ki ki ki ki
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
2019).
ki
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
kyour answer.
i ki
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i
for this sample.
k i k i ki
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ik ki ki ki
Knapp, 2017).
ki ki
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study: ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
k What category identifies your current income as an RN?
i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
a. Less than $50,000 ki ki
b. $50,000 to 59,999 ki ki
c. $60,000 to 69,999 ki ki
d. $70,000 to 80,000 ki ki
e. $80,000 or greater ki ki
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i
AG 1-1 ki
,AG 1-2 ki Answer Guidelines for Questions to BeGraded ki ki ki ki ki ki
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki k i ki
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019;
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Waltz et al., 2017).
ki ki ki ki
5. What level of measurement isthe CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp-
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the
k i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
k i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory,
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
2017). ki
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance
k i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
of this result.
ki ki ki
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with theki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
ki i
k ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects
ki i
k ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki k i ki
NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with
k i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
percent (%).
ki ki
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i
included k 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The
i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i
number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The
k i k i k i ki k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i ki k i
group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total
k i k i k i k i ki k i k i k i k i k i k i ki
sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% =
k i k i k i ki k i k i k i ki k i k i ki k i k i k i ki k i
0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole
ki k i ki k i ki k i ki k i k i ki k i k i k i k i k i k i
percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients
k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i ki ki ki ki ki ki
treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
antidepressant.
ki
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful in
k i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
clinical practice?
ki ki
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
ki k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i
status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain
k i ki k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i k i
functional status of cardiac patients.
k i k i ki ki ki
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to BeGraded
ki ki ki ki ki ki AG 1-3 ki
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement for
k i ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
with values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale and
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics, such
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki ki
