NUR 170
NUR170 MODULE 2 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
What is the essential function of perfusion?
➡ provide a continuous supply of oxygenated blood to every cell in the body.
What can happen if perfusion is impaired?
➡ wide range of physiologic processes and conditions
➡Impaired perfusion can cause tissue damage (Ischemia & Necrosis)
Define Ischemia & Necrosis
➡Ischemia - decrease in blood flow or oxygen (can lead to necrosis)
➡Necrosis - cellular death
Describe central perfusion. Where is the blood going? What are the clinical
manifestations?
What is the normal cardiac output level?
Central perfusion is
1) generated by cardiac output,
2) propels blood to organs & their tissues
3) clinical manifestations are systemic when impaired.
➡4-8 L/min
Describe tissue perfusion.
Tissue perfusion is
1) volume of blood flow through tissues
2) supplied by blood flow from arteries to capillaries
3) amount of blood required by organs vary
NUR 170
,NUR 170
4) poor central perfusion or a problem within the organ itself can cause impaired
tissue perfusion
Assessment findings associated with impaired central perfusion.
1) Hypotension
2)Tachycardia
3) Change in mental status
4) Shortness of breath
5) S1,S2,S3,S4, or murmurs
6) Change in heart rhythm
7) Peripheral edema
8) Diaphoresis & anxiety
Assessment findings with impaired tissue perfusion.
Lower Extremities
2) Pale, cool skin
3) Less hair on legs
4) Diminished dorsalis pedal & posterior tibial pulses
5) Slowed capillary refill
Kidneys
7) Decreased urine output
Brain
9) Depends on extent of ischemia & areas affected
Non-Modifiable risk factors of perfusion.
1)Age
2)Gender
3)Race
4)Genetics - Heredity - Family History
5)Personal Health History
Modifiable risk factors of perfusion.
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1)Smoking
2)High Blood Pressure
3)High Cholesterol
4)Physical Inactivity
5)Obesity/Overweight
6)Diabetes Mellitus
Contributing(also modifiable) risk factors of perfusion.
1)Stress
2)Alcohol
3)Diet and Nutrition
Screenings to be done for perfusion.
1)Blood Pressure
2)Chest X-Ray
3)Serum Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Lipids
(Total Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Triglycerides)
4)Electrocardiogram (ECG)
5)Stress test
6)Echocardiography (Stress Echocardiography, Transesophageal Echocardiogram)
Normal labs for total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides
Total cholesterol: <200
LDL: <100
HDL: anything >60 men >40 females >50
Triglycerides: <150
Describe the different types of stress test
-exercise stress test
-physiological stress test
-radionuclide stress test
1)Exercise stress test - getting on treadmill, exercising
NUR 170
, NUR 170
2)Physiological stress test - person unable to get on treadmill, chemically
induced stressed on body - medication given to mimic effects of exercise. Patients
with limited mobility
3)Radionuclide stress test - radionuclide is used in conjunction with stress test,
used to assess perfusion of coronary arteries. Typically used injected in patients
veins, nuclear image before and after
What is ejection fraction?
What is the normal ejection fraction?
Represents percent of the diastolic volume that is ejected from the heart during
systole.
50-70%
Assessment of Radial Pulse (Peripheral Pulse)
- Rate & Rhythm
Rate:
➡"Normal" is 60-100BPM
➡Tachycardia is greater than 100 BPM
➡Bradycardia is less than 60 BPM
Rhythm:
➡Regular
➡Irregular (still has a pattern)
➡Regularly Irregular vs Irregularly Irregular (no pattern all over the place)
Where is the apical pulse located?
Mitral area - left midclavicular line (MCL) at 5th intercostal space (ICS)
Assessment of Apical-Radial.
What is abnormal/normal?
➡ One nurse measures the apical pulse while the other nurse measures the radial
pulse
NUR 170
NUR170 MODULE 2 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
What is the essential function of perfusion?
➡ provide a continuous supply of oxygenated blood to every cell in the body.
What can happen if perfusion is impaired?
➡ wide range of physiologic processes and conditions
➡Impaired perfusion can cause tissue damage (Ischemia & Necrosis)
Define Ischemia & Necrosis
➡Ischemia - decrease in blood flow or oxygen (can lead to necrosis)
➡Necrosis - cellular death
Describe central perfusion. Where is the blood going? What are the clinical
manifestations?
What is the normal cardiac output level?
Central perfusion is
1) generated by cardiac output,
2) propels blood to organs & their tissues
3) clinical manifestations are systemic when impaired.
➡4-8 L/min
Describe tissue perfusion.
Tissue perfusion is
1) volume of blood flow through tissues
2) supplied by blood flow from arteries to capillaries
3) amount of blood required by organs vary
NUR 170
,NUR 170
4) poor central perfusion or a problem within the organ itself can cause impaired
tissue perfusion
Assessment findings associated with impaired central perfusion.
1) Hypotension
2)Tachycardia
3) Change in mental status
4) Shortness of breath
5) S1,S2,S3,S4, or murmurs
6) Change in heart rhythm
7) Peripheral edema
8) Diaphoresis & anxiety
Assessment findings with impaired tissue perfusion.
Lower Extremities
2) Pale, cool skin
3) Less hair on legs
4) Diminished dorsalis pedal & posterior tibial pulses
5) Slowed capillary refill
Kidneys
7) Decreased urine output
Brain
9) Depends on extent of ischemia & areas affected
Non-Modifiable risk factors of perfusion.
1)Age
2)Gender
3)Race
4)Genetics - Heredity - Family History
5)Personal Health History
Modifiable risk factors of perfusion.
NUR 170
,NUR 170
1)Smoking
2)High Blood Pressure
3)High Cholesterol
4)Physical Inactivity
5)Obesity/Overweight
6)Diabetes Mellitus
Contributing(also modifiable) risk factors of perfusion.
1)Stress
2)Alcohol
3)Diet and Nutrition
Screenings to be done for perfusion.
1)Blood Pressure
2)Chest X-Ray
3)Serum Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Lipids
(Total Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Triglycerides)
4)Electrocardiogram (ECG)
5)Stress test
6)Echocardiography (Stress Echocardiography, Transesophageal Echocardiogram)
Normal labs for total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides
Total cholesterol: <200
LDL: <100
HDL: anything >60 men >40 females >50
Triglycerides: <150
Describe the different types of stress test
-exercise stress test
-physiological stress test
-radionuclide stress test
1)Exercise stress test - getting on treadmill, exercising
NUR 170
, NUR 170
2)Physiological stress test - person unable to get on treadmill, chemically
induced stressed on body - medication given to mimic effects of exercise. Patients
with limited mobility
3)Radionuclide stress test - radionuclide is used in conjunction with stress test,
used to assess perfusion of coronary arteries. Typically used injected in patients
veins, nuclear image before and after
What is ejection fraction?
What is the normal ejection fraction?
Represents percent of the diastolic volume that is ejected from the heart during
systole.
50-70%
Assessment of Radial Pulse (Peripheral Pulse)
- Rate & Rhythm
Rate:
➡"Normal" is 60-100BPM
➡Tachycardia is greater than 100 BPM
➡Bradycardia is less than 60 BPM
Rhythm:
➡Regular
➡Irregular (still has a pattern)
➡Regularly Irregular vs Irregularly Irregular (no pattern all over the place)
Where is the apical pulse located?
Mitral area - left midclavicular line (MCL) at 5th intercostal space (ICS)
Assessment of Apical-Radial.
What is abnormal/normal?
➡ One nurse measures the apical pulse while the other nurse measures the radial
pulse
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