Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice, 4th Edition by Susan Grove & Daisha – Latest 2025/2026 100% Verified Correct Revised Edition Solution Manual

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The questions are in bold followed by answers.
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1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
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rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
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were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
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subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
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more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are
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not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be
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considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
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2019).
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2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
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your answer.
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Answer: The mode for current therapy was βblocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
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were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
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for this sample.
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3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
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Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
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Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
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ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level
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data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
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Knapp, 2017).
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4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study: if if if if if if if if if if if if if




i What category identifies your current income as an RN?
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a. Less than $50,000 if if




b. $50,000 to 59,999 if if




c. $60,000 to 69,999 if if




d. $70,000 to 80,000 if if




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What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
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rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
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are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
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categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi if




(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
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or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
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than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the
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lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019;
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Waltz et al., 2017).
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5. Whatlevel ofmeasurementistheCDSscore?Provide arationaleforyouranswer.
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Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale
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developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on
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a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms.
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The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the
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interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
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5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the
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cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores for
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study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
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parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
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7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
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this result.
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Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
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NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were
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depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, asthe NYHA classincreased, the number of sub- jects with depression
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increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more
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severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need
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to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they
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might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
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8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
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antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
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percent (%).
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Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample i f i f i f i f i f i f i f i f i f i f i f i f




included
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number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The
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group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total
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sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% =
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0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole
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percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients
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treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an
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antidepressant.
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t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful in
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clinical practice?
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Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,if if if if if if if if if if if if if if if if




steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
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determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
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status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain
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functional status of cardiac patients.
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10. Howwas exercise confidence measured inthis study?What was the level of measurement for
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the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
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Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured with the
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Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing, lifting
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objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale with
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values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale and the
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subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics, such as
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means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
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