EMT Final Exam Review Guide 2025

EMT Final Exam Review Guide 2025 "Critical Incident Stress Debriefing - Correct Answer early intervention that occurs at the scene or shortly after the scene of an incident, designed to stop the negative stress process that may occur in the hour immediately following a disaster response best accomplished if commenced within a 24-72 hours of the incident" "Public Health Law Article 30, Part 800 - Correct Answer contains the rules and regulations in reference to EMS & immunities. An EMT cannot be held liable unless gross negligence can be proven." "The Good Samaritan Act - Correct Answer does not cover the EMT in NYS" "NYS EMS liability is covered under - Correct Answer NYS Public Health Law" "Negligance - Correct Answer Deviation from standard of care by law. Criteria to prove: Duty to act Breach of duty Injury occurred Proximate cause" "Assess the system for adequate respiration based upon the evaluation of - Correct Answer rate, rhythm, depth, and quality" "Signs of Respiratory Distress - Correct Answer Inadequate chest rise Nasal flaring Tracheal tugging Accessory Muscle use Cyanosis Retractions" "Adult Adequate Respiratory rate - Correct Answer 12-20 breaths per minute" "Consent - Correct Answer agreement by the patient to accept medical intervention" "Informed (Actual) Consent - Correct Answer A patient is told, in a manner they can understand, the nature and extent of the procedure to be performed and the possible risks. The patient fully understands the procedures, risks involved, and accepts." "Implied Consent - Correct Answer The unconscious, mentally impaired, or child patient under age 18 in a true emergency, in which there is a significant risk of death, disability or deterioration of the condition, the LAW assumes that the patient or guardian would give their consent." "Abandonment - Correct Answer the termination of the provider-patient relationship without consent from the patient and not allowing the patient time to find another provider while care is still needed. Transferrin a patient to another health care professional who is not of equal or higher training than you." Proper lifting techniques include: - Correct Answer Keep the weight close to your body Lift with legs Don't reach Lift using palms up" "The number one cause of EMT injury is from - Correct Answer improper lifting position" "Your first concern is always - Correct Answer your own saftey" "If you are the first unit on a Hazmat Scene - Correct Answer set up a safe zone" "Always approach a hazmat scene and park your ambulance - Correct Answer upwind and uphill" "Delegated Practice - Correct Answer The system Medical Director who is a physician delegates the rescuer to carry out actions on their behalf. Example is on line medical direction (medical control) or off line medical direction (standing orders and/or protocols)." "Quality Improvement - Correct Answer a system of internal and external audits, that monitors every aspect of pre-hospital care to achieve optimal excellence in-patient services rendered. When quality issues are discovered, suggestions are made to prevent re occurrence." "Observations at the scene - Correct Answer subjective" "Physical findings - Correct Answer objective" "PCR's - Correct Answer No personal comments from the EMT If you didn't write it, you didn't do it Draw one line through an error, initial it, date it, continue Have a family member, witness, or police officer sign the RMA" "An EMT's best protection against possible legal proceedings is: - Correct Answer quality patient care and well-written PCR's" "Proximate cause - Correct Answer injury resulted from the improper action or failure to act" "Assault and Battery - Correct Answer (unlawfully placing someone in fear of immediate bodily harm) & (unlawful touching)" "Rhonchi - Correct Answer rattling noises, heard in throat and bronchi" "Rales - Correct Answer fine, moist sounds heard in lower airways" "Silent chest - Correct Answer asthma" "Pronouncement of Death - Correct Answer Rigor Mortis Dependent Lividity Decapitation Decomposition Patient submerged greater than 1 hour or injury not compatible with life Valid NYS Pre-hospial DNR or MOLST form with patient" "Brady - Correct Answer slow" "Contra/anti - Correct Answer against" "Des/dis/dys - Correct Answer Disorder, difficult" "Tachy - Correct Answer fast" "Cardio - Correct Answer heart" "Cerebro - Correct Answer brain" "Cephalo - Correct Answer head" "Hemi - Correct Answer half" "Hypo - Correct Answer deficient/below" "Hyper - Correct Answer above/excess" "Inter - Correct Answer between" "Intra - Correct Answer inside" "Anterior (ventral) - Correct Answer towards the front of the body or part" "Posterior (dorsal) - Correct Answer towards the back of the body or body part" "Superior - Correct Answer above; upper" "Inferior - Correct Answer below, lower" "Superficial - Correct Answer near the surface" "Deep - Correct Answer remote to the surface" "Internal - Correct Answer inside" "External - Correct Answer outside" "proximal - Correct Answer near the point of attachment" "Distal - Correct Answer farthest from the point of attachment" "Medial - Correct Answer toward the midline" "Lateral - Correct Answer away from the midline" "Coronal Plane - Correct Answer divides body into front and back" "medial plane - Correct Answer divides the body into equal lateral halves (left and right)" "Cranial (cephalic) superior - Correct Answer toward the head" "Caudad (inferior) - Correct Answer towards the feet" "Supine - Correct Answer lying on the back, face up" "Prone - Correct Answer lying on the stomach, face down" "Abduction - Correct Answer Movement away from the midline of the body" "adduction - Correct Answer Movement toward the midline of the body" "flexion - Correct Answer act of bending" "extension - Correct Answer act of straightening" "Tissue - Correct Answer a collection of specific cells, that carries out a specific function" "Connective tissue - Correct Answer forms the supporting and connective surfaces of the body" "Muscle tissue - Correct Answer composed of cells specialized to contract, thereby exert force used in motion. Ex (skeletal [striated], involuntary [smooth], cardiac)" "Nervous tissue: - Correct Answer specialized cells that receive stimuli and conduct nerve impulses to various organs" "Nose - Correct Answer warms and humidifies air" "Pharynx - Correct Answer throat" "larynx - Correct Answer voice box" "epiglottis - Correct Answer protects the larynx" "visceral pleura - Correct Answer surrounds each lung" "parietal pleura - Correct Answer lines the thoracic cavity" "trachea - Correct Answer windpipe" "carina - Correct Answer bifurcation of trachea" "alveoli - Correct Answer air sacks" "bronchi - Correct Answer passageway to the lungs" "valecula - Correct Answer Valley between epiglottis & tongue" "normal drive - Correct Answer the level of CO2 in the blood" "hypoxic drive - Correct Answer Level of O2 in the blood (pO2) COPD patients" "Inhalation - Correct Answer diaphragm contracts, moves downward causing the thoracic cavity to enlarge top to bottom" "exhalation - Correct Answer all muscles relax, passive process, elastic tissues contract" "Tidal volume - Correct Answer air moved in and out during a normal respiration (500cc)" "Hypoxia - Correct Answer inadequate O2 for cellular needs" "Apnea - Correct Answer absence of breathing" "Dyspnea - Correct Answer difficulty breathing" "Hyperpnea - Correct Answer deep ventilation" "Hyperventilation - Correct Answer increased minute volume" "Hypoventilation - Correct Answer decreased minute volume" "Orthopnea - Correct Answer difficulty breathing when lying down" "tachypnea - Correct Answer rapid breathing" "bradypnea - Correct Answer slow breathing" "Wheezing - Correct Answer whistling sound, heard in asthma, COPD, CHF and allergic reactions" "Child Adequate Respiratory Rate - Correct Answer 15-30 breaths per minute" "Infant Adequate Respiratory Rate - Correct Answer 25-50 breaths per minute" "Myocardium - Correct Answer heart muscle" "Pericardium - Correct Answer Double-layered sac surrounding the heart." "Pulmonary artery - Correct Answer carries low oxygenated blood" "Pulmonary vein - Correct Answer carries high oxygenated blood" "Coronary arteries - Correct Answer supply the heart tissue" "systemic circulation - Correct Answer left ventricle pumps to the body" "Pulmonary circulation - Correct Answer right ventricle pumps to the lungs" "Left atrium - Correct Answer receives oxygenated blood from the lungs" "Right atrium - Correct Answer receives de-oxygenated blood from the body" "Systole - Correct Answer heart muscle is stimulated to contract and pump" "Diastole - Correct Answer heart muscle relaxes and refills" "Dura/meninges - Correct Answer protective covering of the brain" "cerebrum - Correct Answer mediates higher mental functions. such as reasoning, though, memory, and speech" "cerebellum - Correct Answer concerned with equilibrium, coordination, skilled movements" "Brainstem - Correct Answer supports all basic life functions" "Spinal Cord and Nerves - Correct Answer Contains nerve tracts, control position sense, reflex activity" "Spinal vertebrae - Correct Answer cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx. 7, 12, 5, 5, 4" "Axial skeleton - Correct Answer composed of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum" "appendiular skeleton - Correct Answer composed of upper and lower extremities" "tendons - Correct Answer tie muscle to bone" "ligaments - Correct Answer link bone to bone" "cartilage - Correct Answer cushion between bones; connective tissue" "smooth muscles - Correct Answer involuntary (digestive track, bronchi)" "skeletal muscles - Correct Answer voluntary, striated muscles responsible for the movement of the body and attached to bones by tendons" "cardiac muscle - Correct Answer Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart." "skin - Correct Answer largest organ of the body 3 layers ( epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous) protects from infection and injury helps regulate temperature absorbs shock" "the endocrine system - Correct Answer regulates hormones such as insulin and adrenaline" "monitor stable patients - Correct Answer every 15 min" "monitor unstable patients - Correct Answer every 5 minutes" "newborn normal pulse rate - Correct Answer 85-205 bpm" "infant normal pulse rate - Correct Answer 100-190 bpm" "child and adult normal pulse rate - Correct Answer 60-100 bpm" "When lifting and moving a patient - Correct Answer keep back in a straight and vertical position" "head-tilt-chin lift - Correct Answer no trauma suspected; opening the airway" "jaw-thrust maneuver - Correct Answer technique of opening the airway when trauma is suspected" "BVM with reservoir - Correct Answer delivers 90-100% oxygen at 10-15 LPM" "Most common problem encountered with the use of a BVM - Correct Answer ineffective mask seal" "Pocket face mask - Correct Answer with oxygen at 10-15LPM can deliver up to 50% oxygen" "Venturi mask - Correct Answer delivers a fixed low concentration of oxygen ranging form 24-40%" "Nasal Cannula - Correct Answer 2-6 LPM can deliver 24-44% oxygen" "Non-rebreather mask - Correct Answer 10-15 LPM can deliver up to 90% oxygen" "Nebulizer - Correct Answer for delivery of albuterol at approximately 6 LPM" "Demand valve - Correct Answer flow restricted positive pressure ventilator device" "carbon monoxide patients should receive - Correct Answer high flow oxygen via non-rebreather mask (NRB)" "Oxygen therapy using a bag-valve-mask - Correct Answer 15-25 LPM" "How to you insert an OPA in infants and children - Correct Answer by using a tongue depressor" "What is a contraindication for an NPA - Correct Answer severe head/facial trauma and infants" "Full D Cylinder of Oxygen - Correct Answer 2000 PSI" "Safe residual pressure - Correct Answer 500 PSI" "When suctioning what in the mm/hg - Correct Answer 300" "Suctioning - Correct Answer Open mouth using cross finger technique Power suction to - 300 mm/Hg Yankauer tip is a hard suction catheter Soft tip is called a French tip Using bulb syringe for infants 15 seconds maximum On the way out only" "Pancreatitis - Correct Answer inflammation of the pancreas can lead to hypoglycemia" "narcotic overdose - Correct Answer Opium based drugs, (heroin, percocet, oxycodone) Pin point pupils, Respiratory depression" "Barbiturate overdose - Correct Answer Sedatives / Depressants Serious when mixed with alcohol shallow respiration's, coma, fixed, dilated, pupils and Hypotension" "Amphetamine overdose - Correct Answer "Speed Freak" Wild-eyed appearance, excitement, Anorexia, Tachycardia, sweating, hypertension, dilated pupils, tremors" "PCP (phencyclidines) - Correct Answer violent, combative, paranoid, generally out of control pain perception decreased may cause mutilating self-injury" "LSD - Correct Answer Excitement, Panic, Hallucinations unusual body sensations" "Excessive suctioning can cause - Correct Answer laryngospasm and hypoxia" "Compression Rate - Correct Answer 100-120/min" "Adult CPR - Correct Answer 1 Rescuer- 30 compressions per 2 breaths 2 Rescuer- 30 compressions per 2 breaths At least 2 inch depth" "Child CPR - Correct Answer 1 Rescuer- 30:2 2 Rescuer- 15:2 2 inch depth" "Infant CPR - Correct Answer 1 Rescuer- 30:2 2 Rescuer- 15:2 1 1/2 Inch depth" "Adult Ventilations - Correct Answer Every 5-6 seconds with no advanced airway Every 6 seconds with an advanced airway" "Infant Ventilations - Correct Answer Every 3-5 seconds Given over 1 second" "CPR blood flow is - Correct Answer 25-30% of normal blood flow" "Cardiac arrest in children usually results from - Correct Answer respiratory arrest" "The goal of the primary assessment is to - Correct Answer identify and correct immediate life threats" "General impression includes: - Correct Answer age, sex, race, and MOI" "Airway - Correct Answer open or closed; adequate or needs assistance" "Breathing - Correct Answer Inspect, palpate, auscultate Oxygen therapy Manage chest trauma seal and stabilize any holes" "Circulation - Correct Answer check pulses check voids skin (color, temperature, condition)" "Secondary Assesment - Correct Answer head to toe survey of the body should be done en route to the receiving facility" "Trauma Assesment - Correct Answer Detailed physical exam as needed DCAP/BTLS Treatment interventions" "Medical Assesment - Correct Answer Detailed physical exam as needed Treatment interventions" "DCAP-BTLS - Correct Answer deformities, contusions, abrasions, punctures/penetrations, burns, tenderness, lacerations, swelling" "Should have at least ____ sets of vitals on every patient. - Correct Answer 2" "Drug - Correct Answer a chemical compound administered as an aid in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease or other abdnormal condition. may be given to alter the disease process itself or to relieve the symptoms of the process." "Drug forms - Correct Answer - Solids - Liquids - Gases - Gels - Suspension" "official name - Correct Answer listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia" "chemical name - Correct Answer chemical make-up/recipe" "generic name - Correct Answer name given by the first manufacturer" "trade name - Correct Answer registered trademark" "indication - Correct Answer condition for which the drug is recommended and proven value" "contraindication - Correct Answer a situation that prohibits the use of a drug" "depressant - Correct Answer lessens the activity of the body or body part" "stimulant - Correct Answer increases the activity of the body or body part" "therapeutic action - Correct Answer The desired, intended action of a drug" "side effect - Correct Answer Undesired effect of a drug" "Administration Routes for an EMT - Correct Answer Auto injector Inhalation Sublingual Chewable" "Inhalation for Drug - Correct Answer nebulized medications" "Subligual - Correct Answer under the tongue" "Provental/Albuterol - Correct Answer Class- Bronchodilator Indication- Asthma, COPD, or wheezing Dosage/Route- 2.5mg in 3ml (3.0cc) inhaled via nebulizer set at 6-8 LPM Up to three doses if symptoms persist Side effects: rapid heart rate, headache, agitation Contraindications: allergy, respiratory failure" "Auto Injector Epinephrine - Correct Answer Class- Predominant Beta Agent dilates bronchioles/ anti-allergent agent Indications- bronchial asthma, anaphylactic reactions Dosage/Route- 1 auto injector into the high of a patient with prescription. If patient is symptomatic without previous history, contact medical control. Check and inject may substitute Dose- 0.3mg for adult (over 66 lbs) or 0.15 for child May repeat once in 5 min" "Oxygen - Correct Answer Class- Inhaled gas Indications- SPO2 < 92%, shock, hypo-perfusion, cardiac Dosage/ Route- 2-25 LPM inhaled No contraindications in a pre-hospital setting" "Meter Dose Inhaler - Correct Answer Class- bronchodilator Indications- bronchial asthma, COPD Dosage/Route- Inhaler as directed by prescription and on line medical control Side effects- palpations/anxiety" "Emphysema - Correct Answer caused by progressive loss of elastic recoil of the alveoli" "Chronic Bronchitis - Correct Answer caused by constriction of the bronchi, and mucus build up" "Asbestosis - Correct Answer caused by asbestos dust" "Asthma - Correct Answer caused by spasms and constriction of the bronchi" "Pulmonary embolisum - Correct Answer sudden, sharp, pleuritic chest pain, usually associated with history of thrombophlebitis, use if oral contraceptives, long bone fracture" "status asthmaticus - Correct Answer prolonged asthma attack, breath sounds and wheezes are usually inaudible can cause atelectasis collapse of the alveoli" "pneumothorax - Correct Answer air in the pleural cavity; diminished breath sounds and trachea deviation toward the injured side" "Tension pneumothorax - Correct Answer trachea deviates away from the injured side (contralateral deviation)" "Hemo-thorax - Correct Answer blood in the pleural cavity" "Hemo-pneumothorax - Correct Answer blood & air entering the pleural cavity" "Flail chest - Correct Answer paradoxical respiratory movement, chest pain, dyspnea, deformity 3 or more ribs broken in 2 or more places" "Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Emergencies - Correct Answer AMS / LOC Shortness of Breath Decreased or Increased Respiratory Rate Abnormal breathing patterns Retractions" "Treatment for Respiratory Emergencies - Correct Answer ABC's High flow O2 Seal any holes (air occlusive dressing), manage serious chest trauma Treat for shock Rapid transport - Consider ALS intercept" "Hyperventilation Syndrome - Correct Answer Anxiety provoked rapid breathing, usually precipitated by emotional distress. Best Treatment should include calming & re-assuring the patient. Never use paper bag" "Cardiac compromise - Correct Answer - term used to describe any type of cardiac related potential problem" "arteriosclerosis - Correct Answer Disease causing hardening and narrowing of the arteries" "Atherosclerosis - Correct Answer Disease process that causes an accumulation of plaque within arteries" "Angina Pectoris - Correct Answer Short lived Chest Pain (usually under 5 minutes), caused by miss match of oxygen supply vs. demand. (heart tissue hypoxia). Can be relieved by rest, oxygen, and / or Nitro, It is a principle symptom of Coronary Artery Disease." "acute myocardial infarction - Correct Answer Chest pain usually present in 80 - 90 % of cases • Pain can radiate to arm, back & jaw. • 25% of all MI's are pain free. • Most deaths occur within the first 2 hours • Most frequent cause of death...Ventricular Fibrillation • Initial medication therapy is Oxygen follow NYS protocol • Patient's past and present history will aid a physician most in diagnosis • Acquire 12 lead, if trained, transport to appropriate medical facility" "Congestive heart failure - Correct Answer Failure of the heart to keep up with demand (damaged pump). Treatment: Oxygen, seated upright position with feet dangling if possible, rapid transportation and ALS intercept" "Left sided heart failure - Correct Answer Fluid backup cardinal sign: pulmonary edema" "Right Sided Heart Failure - Correct Answer Peripheral edema, distended neck veins, ascites (swelling), weight gain. May be caused by left sided heart failure" "AED Shockable Rhythms per AHA guidelines - Correct Answer Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia Ventricular Fibrillation" "AED - Correct Answer Should be placed on patient as soon as possible after initiating CPR Management: Good quality CPR (compressions and ventilations), early defibrillation, Transport ASAP & ALS Intercept if appropriate" "AED Pad Placement - Correct Answer Pad Placement - White right approx. 2 inches above right nipple • Pad Placement - Red rib left side lower approx. 3 inches above belt or waist line (Smoke-(white lead) over Fire (red lead)" "The AED works by - Correct Answer suppressing all electrical activity in the heart" "Diabetes - Correct Answer body failure to produce sufficient insulin" "Hyperglycemia - Correct Answer Diabetic Coma Not enough insulin-Sugar level too high Dry warm Skin Kussmaul's respiration (rapid deep sighing respiration's) Dehydration; Gradual onset SLOW Acetone breath odor" "Hypoglycemia - Correct Answer Insulin Shock = INSUFFICIENT SUGAR Insulin level too high Cool, clammy skin patient AMS Sudden Onset TRUE EMERGENCY!!!" "Anaphylactic Reaction - Correct Answer Cause - A life threatening severe allergic reaction Signs & Symptoms - Swelling of the face & tongue, uticaria (hives), itching wheezing" "General Hypothermia - Correct Answer Signs: shivering, red skin, AMS (early) white skin, LOC shallow breathing (late) Treatment: Maintain airway, High flow 02 treat for shock conserve body heat. DO NOT REWARM, ONLY MAINTAIN WHAT HEAT THE PATIENT HAS. Overly aggressive re-warming can cause V - Fib." "Local Hypothermia (Frost Bite) - Correct Answer Early stage skin red (frost nip) • Progressively turns to white (frostbite) When total freezing of the part has occurred (deep frostbite) the part will turn black & blue Re-warming of a part should only be attempted if there is no chance for the part to re-freeze." "Heat Cramps (First Stage) - Correct Answer Caused by - Profuse sweating, loss of salts • Presents - Muscle cramps • Management - Remove from environment, salted fluids" "Heat Exhaustion (second stage) - Correct Answer Caused by - Loss of water and salts • Presents - Syncope, nausea, cramping, dizziness, pale, clammy skin, headache • Management - Remove from environment, Cool patient, fluids" "Heat Stroke (third stage) - Correct Answer Caused by - Body lost the ability to sweat • Presents - Unconsciousness, Dry, flushed skin, hypotension Management - Remove from environment, Cool patient down, treat for shock True Emergency" "Problem drinker - Correct Answer A person who uses alcohol to relieve tensions or other emotional difficulties" "Addiction - Correct Answer Abstinence from alcohol causes major withdrawal symptoms" "Subdural hematoma - Correct Answer collection of blood under the dura mater due to frequent falls" "Cirrhosis - Correct Answer liver damage" "Poisoning - Correct Answer Ingested Inhaled Injected Absorbed" "Carbon monoxide poisoning - Correct Answer Predominantly a winter problem colorless, odorless, tasteless gas Signs & symptoms: Causes pressure sensation in the head, roaring in ears, vomiting, incontinence, convulsions, coma, bounding pulse, dilated pupils, pulmonary edema, cherry red skin (late)" "Glue (Toluene) - Correct Answer Sniffed to obtain a "high" cause hallucination, extreme panic, similar to LSD overdose" "Acute abdomen - Correct Answer Sudden onset of severe abdominal pain the cause of which may not be known" "Solid Organs - Correct Answer Liver (RUQ) Spleen (LUQ), Pancreas (LUQ), Kidneys R&L UQ Ovaries (R & LLQ)" "Hollow Organs - Correct Answer Stomach (LUQ) Small Intestine (R & LLQ) Appendix (RLQ) Gallbladder (RUQ) Bladder (R & LLQ) Large Intestine (ALL QUADRANTS)" "Geriatric patients - Correct Answer Altered reactions to illness, pain mechanism depressed. • Temperature regulation mechanism depressed. • Mental deterioration, depression, thirst mechanism not as active" "Realistic fears - Correct Answer fear of pain, disability, death" "Diffused anxiety - Correct Answer feeling of helplessness" "Depression - Correct Answer natural, psychotic response to loss" "Regression - Correct Answer return to an earlier or more primitive mode of behavior" "Denial - Correct Answer ignore the problem" "Anger - Correct Answer become resentful to the situation" "Confusion - Correct Answer common among the elderly" "Blind Panic - Correct Answer individuals judgment seems to disappear" "Overreaction - Correct Answer Person who talks compulsively, jokes inappropriately, becomes overactive." "Depression - Correct Answer sad expression, bouts of crying, listless behavior, feelings of worthlessness" "Suicide - Correct Answer willful act designed to bring an end to one's own life" "Paranoia - Correct Answer patient is suspicious, reclusive, distrustful. Does not go along with his/her delusions" "proper order of newborn resuscitation - Correct Answer 1. Suction 2. Stimulation 3. CPR" "APGAR Score - Correct Answer appearance (color) pulse rate grimace (reflex irritability) activity (muscle tone) respiratory effort" "artery bleed - Correct Answer bright red spurting blood" "venous bleed - Correct Answer dark maroon flowing blood" "capillary bleed - Correct Answer bright red oozing" "Bleeding Control (DPT) - Correct Answer If large active blood loss, don't delay hemorrhage control 1- Expose Site 2- Apply Direct Pressure with sterile dressing, if severe, apply a hemostatic dressing directly to the site and then a dressing over the hemostatic dressing 3- For severe bleeding and / or arterial bleeding a tourniquet may be used as first line treatment 4- May pack wound with hemostatic or other dressing to control bleeding" "Average Blood volume in adults - Correct Answer 6 liters or 12 pints/units" "Sock/hypo-perfusion - Correct Answer inadequate tissue perfusion/hypo-perfusion" "Signs and Symptoms of Compensating Shock - Correct Answer Restlessness/AMS/ (Very Early Sign) 30 • Rapid, weak pulse (radial pulse is the most difficult to palpate} • Rapid shallow respiration's • Cool, clammy skin" "Signs and Symptoms of Decompensating Shock - Correct Answer Hypotension (late sign)" "Constant changes in blood vessel size - Correct Answer will not lead to shock and hypovolemia and is usually not a sign of a head injury" "Homeostasis - Correct Answer body's attempt to maintain stability of the internal environment" "Hypoperfusion - Correct Answer systolic b/p below 100mmHg" "Hypovolemic Shock - Correct Answer Hemorrhagic Non-hemorrhagic" "Obstructive shock - Correct Answer Pulmonary embolism Cardiac Tamponade Tension pneumothorax" "Distributive shock - Correct Answer Septice Neurogenic Anaphylaxis Psychogenic" "Skin - Correct Answer largest organ of the body used for protection, temperature regulation, prevents water loss" "Epidermis - Correct Answer outer layer" "dermis - Correct Answer inner layer contains sweat glands and nerve endings" "subcutaneous layer - Correct Answer connectieve" "sweat is promoted by the - Correct Answer sympathetic nervous system" "Abrasion - Correct Answer - Caused by rubbing or scraping" "Evisceration - Correct Answer Abdominal wound with intestine protruding" "Laceration - Correct Answer - Jagged cut or slice" "Incision - Correct Answer Smooth, clean cut" "Puncture - Correct Answer Hole, made from a pointed object" "Penetrating - Correct Answer entering into, going through, or piercing" "avulsion - Correct Answer Tearing loose of a flap of skin" "amputation - Correct Answer Tearing loose of a body part. Management: wrap in moist sterile dressing gauze, seal in plastic bag and keep cool. Do not put unprotected part on ice." "Impaled object - Correct Answer Never remove an impaled object unless it interferes with CPR" "Bleeding control - Correct Answer direct pressure pressure dressing tourniquet" "dressing - Correct Answer Sterile material that is used to cover the wound." "bandage - Correct Answer Material used to hold dressing in place" "the first step in the treatment of burns - Correct Answer stop the burning process" "superficial burns - Correct Answer Reddening of the skin (sunburn)" "partial thickness burns - Correct Answer blistering" "full thickness burns - Correct Answer Charred or white and waxy skin, least amount of pain" "electrical/lighting burns - Correct Answer can cause entrance /exit wounds fractures, deep subcutaneous burns, and cardiac arrhythmia" "Most sterile dressing can only be used when - Correct Answer the partial thickness burns are less than 10% BSA (risk of hypothermia)" "Full thickness burns more than 10% BSA need - Correct Answer dry sterile dressing" "Chemical burns - Correct Answer flush with copious amount of water" "Dry lime burns - Correct Answer Brush off first, then flush with water" "electrical burns - Correct Answer De-energize patient from source safely, check for fractures, burns and dysrhythmia" "vitreous fluid - Correct Answer Clear, jelly like fluid, fills the posterior portion of the eye (If lost, sight in the eye may be lost)" "sclera - Correct Answer white portion of the eye, mild causes of jaundice may be seen here" "injuries to the eye - Correct Answer cover both eyes with loose, moist dressings" "flushing eyes - Correct Answer flush away from the good eye" "light injuries - Correct Answer cover eyes with dark patches" "avulsion of the eye - Correct Answer Treat as an impaired object" "Facial injuries can cause - Correct Answer cervical injuries, airway may be obstructed" "Nosebleed/Epistaxsis - Correct Answer Pinch the nostrils with head flexed forward" "neck lacerations can result in - Correct Answer pulmonary and air embolisums" "Blunt neck injuries can result in - Correct Answer fracture to the trachea" "Blunt abdominal trauma can result in a rupture to - Correct Answer the liver, spleen" "Liver - Correct Answer contains 25% of your blood supply" "Eviscerated Abdominal Organ - Correct Answer do not replace organs. Cover with a moist, non-adherent dressing, a bulky dressing over the moist one, to prevent hypothermia to the organs. Place the patient is a supine position, with the knees bent (if there is no spinal injury)" "crepitus - Correct Answer grating of bone ends" "Muskoskeletal Care - Correct Answer 1. Manual stabilization 2. Check distal pulse (before and after splinting). 3. Choose & apply an appropriate splint. 4. Immobilize adjacent joints above and below the fracture 5. Re-check pulse motor & sensory." "If injured extremity is cyanotic or lacks pulse or long bone is severely deformed - Correct Answer align extremity by applying gently manual traction prior to splinting" "Injured joint should be immobilized - Correct Answer in position found unless no distal pulse and /or cyanosis present in affected extremity, make attempt to straighten if no resistance is incurred & not too painful for the patient." "Splint hand injuries - Correct Answer in the position of function" "traction splint - Correct Answer Does not reduce a fracture. Only stabilizes bone ends helps correct angulation and helps control muscle spasms" "Fractured Humerus - Correct Answer Distal end can damage vessels and nerves (ulnar nerve)" "Medial rotation of the foot generally indicates presence of a - Correct Answer dislocated hip" "Lateral rotation generally indicates presence of a - Correct Answer hip fracture" "Sprain - Correct Answer Ligament damage; pain, swelling, discoloration caused by pushing a joint beyond its range of motion tearing ligaments." "Strain - Correct Answer Tendon damage, pain, possible swelling." "Dislocation - Correct Answer Separation of a joint, pain, swelling, deformity, difficulty in motion" "Concussion - Correct Answer Usually mild, jarring of the brain" "Contusion - Correct Answer Bruising of brain tissue can cause permanent damage." "Most important tool of evaluation for a brain injury - Correct Answer level of consiousness" "Intracranial pressure - Correct Answer Pressure Developing within the cranium" "Head injury symptoms - Correct Answer RISING BP SLOWING PULSE AND RESPIRATION'S (OPPOSITE OF SHOCK) Rising B/P and slowing pulse = Cushing's Reflex Warm Skin Vomiting (often projectile) Rising Pulse Pressure (difference between systolic & diastolic blood pressure)" "Cushing's reflex - Correct Answer rise in b/p and slowing pulse" "Epidural hematoma - Correct Answer bleeding between the dura matter & the skull" "Sub-dural hematoma - Correct Answer bleeding between the dura matter & the brain" "Intracerebral hematoma - Correct Answer bleeding within the brain tissues" "Skull Fracture Signs and Symptoms - Correct Answer Cerebrospinal fluid leaking from ears or nose Battle's sign Raccoon eyes Deformity (decompression)" "Battle Sign (basilar skull fracture) - Correct Answer ecchymosis behind the ears" "Raccoon eyes - Correct Answer discoloration of and around the eyes" "Head injuries alone do not cause - Correct Answer hypovolemia" "Thoracic region of the spinal cord does not control - Correct Answer respiration" "The cervical area is responsible for - Correct Answer respiratory control" "Cervical Region Injury - Correct Answer Arms and Legs affected" "Lumbar region injury - Correct Answer Legs affected Spinal cord ends between L1-L2" "C - 1, C -5 Injury - Correct Answer Cessation of respiratory movements" "T-4 Injury - Correct Answer Loss of sensation inferior to the nipple line" "T-10 Injury - Correct Answer Loss of sensation inferior to the umbilicus" "Major trauma criteria with a blunt spinal mechanism of injury - Correct Answer T-6 and 7" "Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - Correct Answer Temporary neurological deficits lasting 5 - 10 minutes caused by interruption of blood supply to the brain. Mini stroke, usually self-correcting. Symptoms last less than 24 hours or symptoms resolve within 24 hours" "cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - Correct Answer Interruption of blood flow to brain caused by clot or bleeding. Altered L.O.C., hemiparesis, hemiparalysis, and weakness in ability to move extremities." "Stages of a Seizure - Correct Answer aura, tonic, clonic, postictal" "Aura - Correct Answer Sensation of impending seizure" "Tonic - Correct Answer rigidity of muscles" "Clonic - Correct Answer uncontrolled contraction and relaxation of muscles" "postictal - Correct Answer period after a seizure, patient is usually drowsy and in need of sleep" "status epilepticus - Correct Answer two or more seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures" "coma - Correct Answer Defined as a state of unresponsiveness from which the patient cannot be aroused" "AEIOU/TIPS - Correct Answer Alcohol intoxication Epilepsy (seizures) Infection (meningitis) Overdose (drugs) Unknown or under-dose Trauma Insulin (diabetic problems) Psychiatric Stroke" "Most common pediatric emergencies - Correct Answer respiratory" "Pediatric asthma attack - Correct Answer Give humidified oxygen assist with inhaler if appropriate" "Pediatric Bronchiolitis - Correct Answer Inflammation of the bronchioles RSV (Respiratory syncytial virus) Administer humidified oxygen, semi-sitting position" "Vaginal Bleeding (No Trauma) - Correct Answer Treat for shock, oxygen & monitor vitals." "Spontaneous Abortion - Correct Answer Occurring naturally (miscarriage)" "Criminal abortion - Correct Answer Illegal attempt to produce abortion" "Therapeutic Abortion - Correct Answer Induced for justified medical reasons" "Threatened Abortion - Correct Answer Bleeding during pregnancy (miscarriage) pain (resembling menstrual cramps). May progress or subside" "Pre-eclampsia - Correct Answer Toxemia of pregnancy precursor to Eclampsia, hypertension, edema" "Eclampsia - Correct Answer Development of seizures, do not transport with lights or sirens" "Supine Hypotensive Syndrome - Correct Answer Fetus is pressing on the mother's inferior vena cave. Place mother left laterally recumbent" "Premature Infant - Correct Answer Under 5 Lb. Or less than 38 week or prior to 7 months Management - Airway, O2, monitor, rapid transport & keep warm" "Croup - Correct Answer viral infection with stridor, whooping sound on inhalation and seal bark cough. Usually less than 4 years of age with low-grade fever, signs of respiratory distress." "Pediatric Epiglottis - Correct Answer Caused by bacterial infection swollen, cherry -red epiglottis, usually over 4 years old pain on swallowing, drooling high fever. Do not place anything in the mouth, can cause laryngospasm" "Part 800.21 requires the EMT to - Correct Answer report suspected cases of child abuse to NYS Deparment of Social Services. Call within 24 hours Report within 48 hours" "Number one cause of ambulance accidents - Correct Answer intersections" "Ambulance operations - Correct Answer Most ambulance accidents occur at intersections Following too close is the # 2 cause Red lights & Sirens should be used cautiously Cannot pass a stopped school bus or Train Crossing. Allow plenty of stopping distance." "Incident Command system - Correct Answer Organizes and utilizes resources that respond to major EMS, Police or Fire events. Consists of a structured design to control, direct & coordinate all of the resources available for the given incident." "Extrication - Correct Answer The EMT's primary role is personal safety of self & the patient care First Step - Gaining Access Long Spine Board - Recommended when moving a patient as a unit First Manual Maneuver - Cervical Stabilization, until patient is secured to a device First Mechanical Maneuver - Cervical Collar Windshields are laminated glass (aka "safety glass") Side & rear glass are tempered. Quickest access to patient is through a door" "Triage - Correct Answer French word meaning to sort" "Green Triage Tag - Correct Answer Minor injuries e.g. walking wounded" "Yellow Triage Tag - Correct Answer delayed priority" "Red Triage Tag - Correct Answer high priority" "Black Triage Tag - Correct Answer dead (lowest priority)" "First Priority (Triage) - Correct Answer airway, obstruction, sucking chest wound, apnea (**), cardiac arrest (**), serious hemorrhage" "Second Priority (Triage) - Correct Answer tension pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade impending shock, massive hemothorax" "Third Priority (Triage) - Correct Answer head injury, evisceration, open fractures, spinal injuries" "Incident Management System (ICS) - Correct Answer methodical approach in handling all hazard incidents" "Command - Correct Answer Incident Command" "Operations - Correct Answer Doers" "Finance - Correct Answer Players" "Planning - Correct Answer Planners" "Logistics - Correct Answer Getters" "First Manual Maneuver - Correct Answer Cervical Stabilization, until patient is secured to a device" "First Mechanical Maneuver - Correct Answer cervical collar" "Aspirin - Correct Answer Class: anti-platelet aggregator Indication- Suspected cardiac problem, sub-sternal chest pain Dosage/ by mouth 324 mg (4 @81 mg tablets) chewed only is able to chew Contraindications: Hypersensitivity-Allergy to aspirin History of stomach problem, ulcers, bleeding disorders Standing Order Drug" "Narcan - Correct Answer Class - opoid narcotic antagonist Indications: respiratory depression secondary to narcotic overdose Dosage /Route... 2mg intranasal administer 1mg per nostril or 4mg dose in prefilled FDA approved nasal atomizer NYS - may repeat once in 5 minutes Contraindications: adequate respirations; intubated patient with pulse" "Oral Glucose - Correct Answer Class - Gel Indications - NYS Protocol: For AMS suspected low blood sugar if patient is conscious enough to swallow & has a gag reflex. Dosage - 1 unit does (15-25 grams) if patient able to swallow if patients blood glucose is below 60mg/dl" "Nitroglycerin (Nitro) Pill or Spray - Correct Answer Class - Vasodilator Indication - Chest Pain Dosage/Route - 0.4 mg (1/150 gr.) Sub lingual Per NYS up to 3 doses at 5 minutes apart (monitor blood pressure if below 120 systolic stop administering doses) Contraindications - Hypotension B/P less than 120 systolic Side Effects - Headache (most common), Hypotension, nausea, syncope, Tachycardia" "First Stage of Drowning - Correct Answer swallowing water" "Second Stage of Drowning - Correct Answer spasms of the larynx" "Fresh Water Drownings - Correct Answer can result in V-Fib" "Salt Water Drowning - Correct Answer can result in acute pulmonary edema" "PCP (Phencyclidines) - Correct Answer violent, combative, paranoid, generally out of control pain perception decreased may cause mutilating self-injury" "LSD - Correct Answer Excitement, Panic, Hallucinations unusual body sensations • Treatment: Quiet swift transport, with soft restraints if necessary" "Snakebites - Correct Answer Instantaneous pain, progressive local, edema, ecchymosis at the site. Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, bradycardia or tachycardia, hypotension, delirium Management - Remove all rings and bracelets, splint the bitten extremity, ABC's, oxygen, treat for shock, consult poison control medical control re use of constricting bands." "Black Widow Spider - Correct Answer Sharp, sudden prick, cramping or numbing pain over the bite area. Excruciating pain and muscle rigidity, severe difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, headache, sweating, parasthesia. Management - ABC's, oxygen, rapid transport, contact poison/medical control. Do not use tweezers, use thumbnail or edge of a credit card to scrape out stinger" "EMT does not deliver the babies... - Correct Answer mothers do. (EMT's assist)" "Childbirth - Correct Answer If contractions are 2-3 minutes apart lasting 60-90 seconds, crowning present prepare for emergency delivery. The EMT should assist in the birth of the child by gently guiding the head downward." "Ovaries - Correct Answer Produce female sex hormones, contain eggs" "Uterus - Correct Answer Muscular organ where fetus develops" "Cervix - Correct Answer neck of the uterus" "Perineum - Correct Answer Area of skin between the genitals and anus" "Fetus - Correct Answer developing baby" "Placenta - Correct Answer fetus is nourished by this special organ" "Umbilical Cord - Correct Answer life line" "Amniotic Sac - Correct Answer bag of waters" "Amniotic Fluid - Correct Answer cushions fetus, approx. 1 liter" "1st Stage of Labor - Correct Answer From the first contraction to full dilation of the Cervix" "2nd Stage of Labor - Correct Answer delivery of the baby" "3rd Stage of Labor - Correct Answer delivery of the placenta" "Normal delivery - Correct Answer Cephalic (Head First)" "Normal first pregnancy labor time - Correct Answer Average of about 16 hours" "Average blood loss during birth - Correct Answer half pint (More than five blood soaked pad type dressings could indicate serious post birth bleeding). 200-500ml" "Crowning - Correct Answer Head of baby starts to emerge from the vagina" "Proper order of newborn resuscitation - Correct Answer 1. Suction 2. Stimulation 3. CPR" "APGAR Score - Correct Answer Appearance (Color) Pulse Rate Grimace (reflex irritability) Activity (muscle tone) Respiratory Effort" "NYS Guidelines on Management of a Normal Delivery - Correct Answer Support the baby's head over the perineum with gentle pressure If the membranes cover the head after it emerges, tear the sac with your fingers or forceps to permit escape of the amniotic fluid Gently guide the head downward until the shoulder appears The other shoulder is delivered by gentle upward traction The infant's face should be upward at this point Maintain firm grasp on infant" "NYS Guidelines - Management of Umbilical Cord Around Neck - Correct Answer Umbilical cord around the neck is an emergency, as the baby is no longer getting any oxygen either through the cord or by breathing If the cord is around the neck: Unwrap the cord from around the neck, if possible Clamp the umbilical cord with two clamps Cut the cord between them" "NYS Guidelines- Management of a Breech Delivery - Correct Answer Support the buttocks or extremities until the back appears Grasp the baby's ILIAC WINGS and apply gentle downward traction. DO NOT pull on the legs or back, as this may cause spine dislocation or adrenal hemorrhage Gently swing the infant's body in the direction of least resistance By swinging anteriorly and posteriorly, both shoulders should deliver posteriorly Splint the humerus bones with your two fingers; apply gentle traction with your fingers Gentle downward compression of the uterus will assist in head delivery Swing the legs upward until the body is in a vertical position. This will permit delivery of the head" "NYS Guidelines - Management of Prolapsed Cord or Limb Presentation - Correct Answer Place the mother in a face-up position with hips elevated Place a gloved hand in the vagina; attempt to hold baby's head away from the cord and maintain an airway for the baby Keep the cord moist using a sterile dressing and sterile water Transport as soon as possible to closest appropriate facility - primary danger is baby suffocating" "Limb presentation - Correct Answer One extremity is the first presenting part. (True Emergency)" "Cheyne-Stokes Respirations - Correct Answer regular pattern characterized by alternating periods of deep, rapid breathing followed by periods of apnea" "paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - Correct Answer dyspnea during sleeping" "Eupnea - Correct Answer normal breathing" "Snoring - Correct Answer Upper airway partially blocked, usually by the tongue" "Stridor - Correct Answer A harsh, high-pitched respiratory sound, caused by laryngeal spasm, partial FBAO"