Dental Radiology Final Exam with |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
correct answers |||\\\
Types of radiation: scatter, ionizing, background, characteristic, etc. - correct answer✔✔-
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Scattering: COMPTON SCATTER - photon energy is partially absorbed from an outer shell |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
electron. The electron is ejected from its orbit and the photon is deflected (changes course).
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The ejected electron has a negative charge, different course, and a lower energy. Accounts for
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
62% of the scattering radiation in diagnostic radiology; COHERENT SCATTER - when a LOW-
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
energy x-ray photon interacts with an outer-shell electron. No change in the atom occurs. X-ray
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
photon of scattered radiation is produced. No loss of energy, no ionization occurs. 8% of the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
interactions of matter with the dental x-ray beam. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Ionizing: FORMS OF PARTICULATE RADIATION - electrons (Beta particles and Cathode Rays),
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
alpha particles, protons, neutrons; ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION - x-rays, gamma rays, ultra-
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
violet light |||\\\
- Background: Radiation that is always in the environment. For example, radon in air; uranium,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
radium, thorium in earth; cosmic rays; radioactive potassium in food and water, etc.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Characteristic: when an incoming electron collides DIRECTLY with an inner shell electron of a
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
target atom, thus ionizing it; an x-ray photon is released. In order for this to occur, the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
incoming electron MUST have kinetic energy AT LEAST equal to or greater than the electron in |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the shell it is colliding with - need 70 kVP or higher.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Components/function of film packet. - correct answer✔✔Film packet: x-ray film: one-film |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
packet or two-film packet; paper film wrapper: protective sheet that covers the film and shield
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the film from light; lead foil sheet: single piece of lead foil to shield the film from backscattered
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(secondary) radiation that results in film fog; outer package wrapping: soft-vinyl or paper
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
wrapper that seals the film packet, protective paper, and lead foil sheet. It serves to protect the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
film from exposure to light and oral fluids.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,KVP, MA, Exposure Time - correct answer✔✔- KV: is a measurement of the electrical force that
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
causes electrons to move from the negative cathode to the positive anode; when KV
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
INCREASED, the SPEED of the electrons INCREASES, causing them to stroke the target the |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
GREATER FORCE AND ENERGY, resulting in an x-ray beam with a SHORTER WAVELENGTH; dental
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
radiography requires the use of 65 to 100 KV
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- KVP: is the maximum (or peak) voltage across the x-ray tube; KVP INCREASED = INCREASED
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
DENSITY (darker); HIGH KVP = more PENETRATING beam and LOW contrast - many shades of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
gray; HIGH KVP = INCREASES intensity
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- MA: the unit of measure used to describe the number of electrons (or current) flowing
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
through the cathod filament (conductor); an INCREASE in the NUMBER OF ELECTRONS =
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
INCREASED NUMBER OF X-RAYS; dental radiography requires the use of 7-15; HIGH MA = |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
INCREASES INTENSITY, HIGH DENSITY |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Exposure Time: the interval time during which x-rays are produced; HIGH Exposure Time =
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
INCREASES INTENSITY, HIGH DENSITY |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Functions of items found in the tube head - correct answer✔✔- Leaded-glass housing: |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
prevents x-rays from escaping in all directions. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Cathode: (negative) consists of a tungsten wire filament in a cup-shaped holder; supplies the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
electrons necessary to generate x-rays |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Anode: (positive) consists of a wafer-thin tungsten plate embedded in a solid copper rod;
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
converts electrons into x-ray photons. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
*Thermionic Emission: release of electrons due to overheating of tungsten filament, releasing |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
electrons toward positive anode. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Indirect, direct action theories of radiation - correct answer✔✔- Indirect: x-ray photons are
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
absorbed within the cell and cause the formation of toxins, which in turn damage the cell
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, - Direct: cell damage results when ionizing radiation directly hits critical areas, or targets within
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the cell |||\\\
Types of caries and where located - correct answer✔✔INTERPROXIMAL
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Incipient Carious Lesion: extends halfway through enamel
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Moderate Carious Lesion: extends more than halfway through enamel; does not involve the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
DEJ
- Advanced Carious Lesion: extends through enamel and into dentin; it does not extend
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
through the dentin more than half the distance toward the pulp
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Severe Interproximal: extends more than halfway to the pulp
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
OCCLUSAL
ROOT CARIES |||\\\
Components of the atom - correct answer✔✔Atom: consists of central nucleus and orbiting
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
electrons; nucleus - protons and neutrons; electrons |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Point of entry for each radiograph projection - correct answer✔✔- Lateral Jaw, Body
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(Mandible): below inferior border of mandible; VA = -15 to -20 degrees; perpendicular to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
horizontal plane of receptor |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Lateral Jaw, Ramus (Mandible): posterior to third molar area; VA = -15 to -20 degrees;
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
perpendicular to horizontal plane of receptor |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Lateral Cephalometric: centered over receptor and perpendicular to receptor
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
correct answers |||\\\
Types of radiation: scatter, ionizing, background, characteristic, etc. - correct answer✔✔-
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Scattering: COMPTON SCATTER - photon energy is partially absorbed from an outer shell |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
electron. The electron is ejected from its orbit and the photon is deflected (changes course).
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
The ejected electron has a negative charge, different course, and a lower energy. Accounts for
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
62% of the scattering radiation in diagnostic radiology; COHERENT SCATTER - when a LOW-
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
energy x-ray photon interacts with an outer-shell electron. No change in the atom occurs. X-ray
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
photon of scattered radiation is produced. No loss of energy, no ionization occurs. 8% of the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
interactions of matter with the dental x-ray beam. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Ionizing: FORMS OF PARTICULATE RADIATION - electrons (Beta particles and Cathode Rays),
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
alpha particles, protons, neutrons; ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION - x-rays, gamma rays, ultra-
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
violet light |||\\\
- Background: Radiation that is always in the environment. For example, radon in air; uranium,
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
radium, thorium in earth; cosmic rays; radioactive potassium in food and water, etc.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Characteristic: when an incoming electron collides DIRECTLY with an inner shell electron of a
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
target atom, thus ionizing it; an x-ray photon is released. In order for this to occur, the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
incoming electron MUST have kinetic energy AT LEAST equal to or greater than the electron in |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the shell it is colliding with - need 70 kVP or higher.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Components/function of film packet. - correct answer✔✔Film packet: x-ray film: one-film |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
packet or two-film packet; paper film wrapper: protective sheet that covers the film and shield
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the film from light; lead foil sheet: single piece of lead foil to shield the film from backscattered
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(secondary) radiation that results in film fog; outer package wrapping: soft-vinyl or paper
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
wrapper that seals the film packet, protective paper, and lead foil sheet. It serves to protect the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
film from exposure to light and oral fluids.
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
,KVP, MA, Exposure Time - correct answer✔✔- KV: is a measurement of the electrical force that
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
causes electrons to move from the negative cathode to the positive anode; when KV
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
INCREASED, the SPEED of the electrons INCREASES, causing them to stroke the target the |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
GREATER FORCE AND ENERGY, resulting in an x-ray beam with a SHORTER WAVELENGTH; dental
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
radiography requires the use of 65 to 100 KV
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- KVP: is the maximum (or peak) voltage across the x-ray tube; KVP INCREASED = INCREASED
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
DENSITY (darker); HIGH KVP = more PENETRATING beam and LOW contrast - many shades of
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
gray; HIGH KVP = INCREASES intensity
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- MA: the unit of measure used to describe the number of electrons (or current) flowing
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
through the cathod filament (conductor); an INCREASE in the NUMBER OF ELECTRONS =
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
INCREASED NUMBER OF X-RAYS; dental radiography requires the use of 7-15; HIGH MA = |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
INCREASES INTENSITY, HIGH DENSITY |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Exposure Time: the interval time during which x-rays are produced; HIGH Exposure Time =
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
INCREASES INTENSITY, HIGH DENSITY |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Functions of items found in the tube head - correct answer✔✔- Leaded-glass housing: |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
prevents x-rays from escaping in all directions. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Cathode: (negative) consists of a tungsten wire filament in a cup-shaped holder; supplies the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
electrons necessary to generate x-rays |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Anode: (positive) consists of a wafer-thin tungsten plate embedded in a solid copper rod;
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
converts electrons into x-ray photons. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
*Thermionic Emission: release of electrons due to overheating of tungsten filament, releasing |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
electrons toward positive anode. |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Indirect, direct action theories of radiation - correct answer✔✔- Indirect: x-ray photons are
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
absorbed within the cell and cause the formation of toxins, which in turn damage the cell
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
, - Direct: cell damage results when ionizing radiation directly hits critical areas, or targets within
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
the cell |||\\\
Types of caries and where located - correct answer✔✔INTERPROXIMAL
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Incipient Carious Lesion: extends halfway through enamel
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Moderate Carious Lesion: extends more than halfway through enamel; does not involve the
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
DEJ
- Advanced Carious Lesion: extends through enamel and into dentin; it does not extend
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
through the dentin more than half the distance toward the pulp
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Severe Interproximal: extends more than halfway to the pulp
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
OCCLUSAL
ROOT CARIES |||\\\
Components of the atom - correct answer✔✔Atom: consists of central nucleus and orbiting
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
electrons; nucleus - protons and neutrons; electrons |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
Point of entry for each radiograph projection - correct answer✔✔- Lateral Jaw, Body
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
(Mandible): below inferior border of mandible; VA = -15 to -20 degrees; perpendicular to
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
horizontal plane of receptor |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Lateral Jaw, Ramus (Mandible): posterior to third molar area; VA = -15 to -20 degrees;
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
perpendicular to horizontal plane of receptor |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
- Lateral Cephalometric: centered over receptor and perpendicular to receptor
|||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\ |||\\\
