Advanced Pathophysiology Week 2 EXAM Questions
& Answers | Graded A+|| LATEST UPDATE 2025/26
Overview of the Blood -CORRECTANSWER •Blood
•5000ml
•Plasma
•3000ml
Hematocrit defined -CORRECTANSWER - % of RBCs
[higher value = higher viscosity = thicker blood)
- Example: Polycythemia may have Hct of 60-70%
Types of Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes [RBCs) -CORRECTANSWER - Transport O2
- Small disc shape
- Lifespan = 120 days
- Carry Hgb [ferrous oxide, also an acid/base buffer)
- Made in the bone marrow - Iliac crest for sample in leukemia
[after age 20 in the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac)
- Hgb Levels: 14-16g/dL in males / 12-14g/dl females
Cytic vs Chromic -CORRECTANSWER Cytic = Size of RBCs
Chromic = Amount of Hgb
,MCV and MCHC -CORRECTANSWER MCV: Mean corpuscular volume - [average size
rbc]
MCHC: normal Mean corpuscular Hgb concentration - [average amount of hemoglobin
in the RBCs compared to the average size of the RBCs. The amount of hemoglobin that
was there
Morphology Size or Erythrocyte Volume Cytic Values -CORRECTANSWER -
Normocytic: Normal RBC size
[MCV = 83-99)
- Microcytic: Small RBC size
[MCV = 50-82)
- Macrocytic: Large RBC size
[MCV is > 100)
Chromic Values
[Hgb content) -CORRECTANSWER - Normochromic: Normal amount of Hgb [MCHC -
Average amount of hemoglobin in the RBCs compared to the average size of the RBCs.
[MCHC = 32-36)
- Hypochromic: Low amount of Hgb
[MCHC is < 32)
- Hyperchromic: Increased amount of Hgb
[MCHC is > 36)
,Leukocytes
[WBCs) -CORRECTANSWER - Defend the body against foreign proteins
- Made in the bone marrow
- 9,000/mm^3
- CBC w/ Diff shows: Leukocytes broken down into:
Neutrophils, Basophils, PMNs [polymorphonulcear), Bands
Bands - {Infective process -CORRECTANSWER -Immature Leukocytes
- Indicate an infective process
- Increase in bands = 12 to 20 or more = shift to the left indicating a bacterial infection
- If bands are not increased it is a shift to the right and a viral infection
Alterations of Leukocytes
Quantitative:
1. Bone marrow dysfunction
2. Premature destruction of cells
a. May originate in lymphoid organs secondary to infectious process -
CORRECTANSWER Leukocytosis equals increase WBC's
Leukopenia Equals decreased wbc's
Types of Leukocytes:
, - Granular -CORRECTANSWER - Categorized according to the presence or absence of
granules in the cell cytoplasm
- *Granular Leukocytes*:
- PMNs - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes[2 or more lobes to the granular site)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils - Allergic reaction or parasites
- Basophils
Types of Leukocytes:
- Non-granular -CORRECTANSWER *Non-granular* Leukocytes :
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- platelets or thrombocytes
WBC Morphology/Fx
[Shape and function] -CORRECTANSWER - Total WBC count increases with infection
- As % of 1 increases, the %s of the others will decrease
[shift in %) = Shift to the left or shift to the right
- Bands = immature neutrophils aka stabs
[German for rods due to shape)
WBC Morphology/Fx -CORRECTANSWER - Bands being immature with infection there
is an increase in production
& Answers | Graded A+|| LATEST UPDATE 2025/26
Overview of the Blood -CORRECTANSWER •Blood
•5000ml
•Plasma
•3000ml
Hematocrit defined -CORRECTANSWER - % of RBCs
[higher value = higher viscosity = thicker blood)
- Example: Polycythemia may have Hct of 60-70%
Types of Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes [RBCs) -CORRECTANSWER - Transport O2
- Small disc shape
- Lifespan = 120 days
- Carry Hgb [ferrous oxide, also an acid/base buffer)
- Made in the bone marrow - Iliac crest for sample in leukemia
[after age 20 in the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac)
- Hgb Levels: 14-16g/dL in males / 12-14g/dl females
Cytic vs Chromic -CORRECTANSWER Cytic = Size of RBCs
Chromic = Amount of Hgb
,MCV and MCHC -CORRECTANSWER MCV: Mean corpuscular volume - [average size
rbc]
MCHC: normal Mean corpuscular Hgb concentration - [average amount of hemoglobin
in the RBCs compared to the average size of the RBCs. The amount of hemoglobin that
was there
Morphology Size or Erythrocyte Volume Cytic Values -CORRECTANSWER -
Normocytic: Normal RBC size
[MCV = 83-99)
- Microcytic: Small RBC size
[MCV = 50-82)
- Macrocytic: Large RBC size
[MCV is > 100)
Chromic Values
[Hgb content) -CORRECTANSWER - Normochromic: Normal amount of Hgb [MCHC -
Average amount of hemoglobin in the RBCs compared to the average size of the RBCs.
[MCHC = 32-36)
- Hypochromic: Low amount of Hgb
[MCHC is < 32)
- Hyperchromic: Increased amount of Hgb
[MCHC is > 36)
,Leukocytes
[WBCs) -CORRECTANSWER - Defend the body against foreign proteins
- Made in the bone marrow
- 9,000/mm^3
- CBC w/ Diff shows: Leukocytes broken down into:
Neutrophils, Basophils, PMNs [polymorphonulcear), Bands
Bands - {Infective process -CORRECTANSWER -Immature Leukocytes
- Indicate an infective process
- Increase in bands = 12 to 20 or more = shift to the left indicating a bacterial infection
- If bands are not increased it is a shift to the right and a viral infection
Alterations of Leukocytes
Quantitative:
1. Bone marrow dysfunction
2. Premature destruction of cells
a. May originate in lymphoid organs secondary to infectious process -
CORRECTANSWER Leukocytosis equals increase WBC's
Leukopenia Equals decreased wbc's
Types of Leukocytes:
, - Granular -CORRECTANSWER - Categorized according to the presence or absence of
granules in the cell cytoplasm
- *Granular Leukocytes*:
- PMNs - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes[2 or more lobes to the granular site)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils - Allergic reaction or parasites
- Basophils
Types of Leukocytes:
- Non-granular -CORRECTANSWER *Non-granular* Leukocytes :
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- platelets or thrombocytes
WBC Morphology/Fx
[Shape and function] -CORRECTANSWER - Total WBC count increases with infection
- As % of 1 increases, the %s of the others will decrease
[shift in %) = Shift to the left or shift to the right
- Bands = immature neutrophils aka stabs
[German for rods due to shape)
WBC Morphology/Fx -CORRECTANSWER - Bands being immature with infection there
is an increase in production
